(A) Morphologic features of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) after HIV-1 infection for 1–3 d. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B, C) Changes in mRNA (B) and protein expressions (C) of M1 and M2 polarization markers in MDMs after HIV-1 infection for 1–3 d. (Statistical analysis was performed using a t test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.) (D) Representative results of expressions of M1 and M2 polarization markers in MDMs detected by flow cytometry. (Statistical analysis was performed using a t test, *P < 0.05).