Table 2.

Descriptive characteristics of studies included in the review with main outcome(s).

Reference Author(s)/year	Study design	Population	Sedentary time measurement	Main outcome(s)
Gerage et al,2019	Cross sectional study.	174 patients (43–96 years) with intermittent claudication (Brazil)	Actigraph GT3X + triaxial accelerometer.	Sedentary time Sedentary time was on average 640 ± 121 min/day. Waking distance:Using the walking impairment questionnaire (WIQ), the mean (score) walking distance (m) was 22.7 (22.2) .The 6MWT (m) was 326.6 (92.7) .total walking distance was not associated with adherence to PA in PAD patients (OR 1.01 95 %CI (0.99; 1.02) (p > 0.05)).
Hernandez et al., 2019	Cross sectional study.	44 Patients with PAD (USA)	Actigraph GT1M accelerometer	Sedentary time Sedentary time was on average 433.45 ± 29.9 min/ day
Whipple et al,2019(USA)	A concurrent mixed methods design	Convenient sample of 10 adults aged 65 years and older with PAD and diabetes	Actigraph wGTX3-BT accelerometer	Sedentary timeParticipants spent 66.9% (range 53–78%) of their time in sedentary behavior. Walking distance:WIQ mean (SD) was 35.7 (34.7) ranging from 4.3 to 100. The 6MWT (feet) ranging from 480 to 1615 with sedentary participants achieved lower 6MWT distances;77% sedentary was associated with 480 feet and 61% sedentary was associated with 1615 feet 6MWT.
Parsons et al,2016 (UK)	Cross sectional .	945 men from the British Regional heart study, mean age 78.4 years. The British Regional Heart Study is a prospective, population-based cohort study following 7735 men recruited from primary care in 24 British towns	Actigrap GT3X accelerometer.	Sedentary time Sedentary time was on average 640 ± 84 min/day among low ABI patients. The percentage of time spent sedentary among low ABI patients was 75.9% vs 71.2 % in normal/borderline ABI patients. Each extra 30 min of SB was associated with an OR of 1.19 (95% CI 1.07, 1.33) for a low ABI.
Laslovich et al, 2020 (USA)	RCTIntervention: PA sedentary reduction (PASR) (n = 19).received bimonthly online video series and a 12-wk interactive homebased online sedentary activity reduction programme (GRUVE) . The GRUVE software programme incorporates self-monitoring, personal goal setting, real-time feedback, problem solving, and planning to facilitate increases in daily lifestyle PA and reductions in sedentary behavior.Control: Attention control group (n = 19) received bimonthly online videos involving health recommendations related to PAD (general PAD facts and figures, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease prevention, tobacco cessation, and nutrition). Participants were asked to continue normal daily activities and routines during the 12-wk study period	38 participants with asymptomatic PAD (APAD)	ActivPAL-3™ Micro activity monitor.	Sedentary time Sedentary time was on average in control = 9.46 ± 0.82 h/day vs 9.70 ± 0.68 h/day in intervention group.The intervention group significantly decreased daily sit/lie hours (−0.80 ± 0.87 vs 0.18 ± 0.77P = 0.001). Walking distance: Mean ± SD 6MWT (m) was 358.2 ± 89.8 in control group vs intervention 354.5 ± 98.5 at base line. After 12 weeks of intervention the mean 6MWT (m) was 364.6 ± 85 in control vs 467 ± 100.6 in intervention (P < 0.001).
Gardner et al,2021 (USA)	Observational study	386 patients were eligible (Fontaine II/Rutherford grade I PAD)	The Johnson space centre (JSC) physical activity scale	MACE The sedentary group represented 12.4% During follow up, 66.6% died consisting of 83.3% from the sedentary group, 64.3% from the light-intensity physical activity group, and 64.0% from the moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity group.
Kulinski et al., 2015 (USA)	Descriptivedata from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)	1443 participants. aged 40 years and older.	ActiGraph accelerometer.	Sedentary time Sedentary time was on average 454 ± 144 min/day.Sedentary time was positively associated with a low ABI ((OR) 1.22, (95% CI, 1.03–1.43) ; P = 0.02)
Whipple et al,2020 (USA)	A concurrent mixed methods design Patients completed 2–3 supervised exercise therapy (SET) sessions per week for 12 weeks consisting primarily of repeated bouts of treadmill walking exercise. Sessions broadly followed an established protocol for patients with PAD but were individualized according to patient needs. Exercise intensity wa	44 patients newly enrolled in SET programmes having PAD and DM	A wrist-worn Actigraph wGTX3-BT accelerometer	Sedentary time Sedentary time was on average 444.2 ± 101.8 min/day. After 12 weeks of SET participants had a 2.8% increase in the average minutes of sedentary time. Although there was substantial variability, ranging from a 40% decrease to a 38% increase in average minutes of sedentary time per day. There were no statistically significant changes in sedentary activities from baseline to 6 weeks or from baseline to 12 weeks. Walking distance6MWT total distance mean (SD) at baseline was 315.5 (94.4) m vs 344.5 (85.1) m after 12 weeks (P = 0.002; (95% CI = 11.4–––46.6)). In addition, improvements in the distance of the WIQ was noted 30.4 (25.7) at baseline vs 38.8 (27.7) after 12 weeks (P = 0.008; (95% CI = 2.3––14.5)).
Unkart et al,2020 (USA)	Observationalthe Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)	7,609 eligible Hispanic/Latinos individuals aged 45–74 years old.	Actical accelerometer	Sedentary timeThe median sedentary time was 12.2 (IQR, 11.1–13.3) hr/day. The prevalence of PAD was 5.4%Sedentary time had a significant overall (p = 0.048) association with PAD.Sedentary time was associated with higher odds of PAD, with the highest sedentary time had (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.02,2.18) times higher odds of PAD than patients with the lowest sedentary time.
Delaney et al, 2013	Observational study.	5656 patients (ABI between 0.90 and 1.40) out of the Multi-Ethnic Study ofAtherosclerosis (MESA sample 6,814)	The typical week physical activity survey’	•The incidence of PAD was (n = 161). PAD patients were more sedentary, performed less vigorous and moderate activity.An association between physical activity/ sedentary behavior and the progression to low ABI among the sedentary group unadjusted RR = 1.20, 95 %CI (0.94, 1.52).Greater intentional exercise reduced the risk of incident PAD (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.74, 0.98).

Table 2. The table provides a comprehensive overview of the design, population, sedentary time assessment and outcome(s) of the included studies (10 studies). It highlights the specific outcome(s) under investigation, including sedentary time, walking distance, and the presence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) where applicable.