Table 2.
Prevalence of psychological distress by tobacco use, and other covariates pooled National Health Interview Survey 2015–18 (n = 55,780).
| Prevalence of No/mild psychological distress |
Prevalence of Moderate psychological distress |
Prevalence of Severe psychological distress |
P value from bivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | row w%(SE) | n | row w%(SE) | n | row w%(SE) | |||
| All | 45,224 | 81.8* | 8,779 | 15.3* | 1,777 | 2.9* | ||
| Tobacco use status | Current exclusive e-cig use | 117 | 67.3(4.5) | 53 | 25.9(4.0) | 15 | 6.8(2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Current exclusive daily cigarette smokers | 2,561 | 72.0(1.0) | 782 | 20.4(0.9) | 289 | 7.6(0.6) | ||
| Current exclusive nondaily cigarette smokers | 889 | 74.1(1.6) | 245 | 19.6(1.5) | 81 | 6.3(0.9) | ||
| Dual users who smoke daily | 356 | 57.1(2.5) | 193 | 30.5(2.3) | 80 | 12.4(1.8) | ||
| Dual users: who smoke nondaily | 115 | 62.0(4.8) | 53 | 33.5(4.7) | 12 | 4.4(1.5) | ||
| Never tobacco use | 41,186 | 83.0(0.2) | 7,453 | 14.6(0.2) | 1,300 | 2.4(0.1) | ||
| Sex | Male | 15,829 | 85.3(0.3) | 2,396 | 12.6(0.3) | 426 | 2.1(0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 29,395 | 79.9(0.3) | 6,383 | 16.8(0.3) | 1,351 | 3.4(0.1) | ||
| Age | 18–34 | 11,541 | 81.0(0.4) | 2,483 | 16.5(0.4) | 361 | 2.5(0.2) | < 0.001 |
| 35–64 | 21,768 | 81.5(0.3) | 4,360 | 15.2(0.3) | 1,059 | 3.3(0.1) | ||
| 65+ | 11,915 | 83.7(0.4) | 1,936 | 13.7(0.4) | 357 | 2.6(0.2) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | Hispanic | 7,650 | 81.2(0.5) | 1,503 | 15.4(0.5) | 370 | 3.4(0.2) | < 0.001 |
| NH White | 27,329 | 81.9(0.3) | 5,265 | 15.3(0.3) | 1,025 | 2.9(0.1) | ||
| NH Black | 6,197 | 80.8(0.6) | 1,320 | 16.2(0.6) | 265 | 3.0(0.2) | ||
| NH Asian | 3,507 | 85.1(0.7) | 559 | 13.3(0.7) | 69 | 1.6(0.3) | ||
| NH Other Race | 541 | 76.7(2.6) | 132 | 17.5(2.3) | 48 | 5.8(1.0) | ||
| Education | <HS | 5,474 | 76.9(0.7) | 1,399 | 18.1(0.6) | 426 | 5.1(0.3) | < 0.001 |
| HS | 10,440 | 79.8(0.5) | 2,242 | 16.6(0.4) | 501 | 3.7(0.2) | ||
| Some college | 13,123 | 80.0(0.4) | 2,815 | 16.9(0.4) | 576 | 3.2(0.2) | ||
| College | 9,755 | 86.1(0.5) | 1,482 | 12.4(0.4) | 182 | 1.5(0.1) | ||
| Postgraduate | 6,432 | 87.4(0.5) | 841 | 11.4(0.5) | 92 | 1.2(0.2) | ||
| Income level | Poor | 5,616 | 70.1(0.7) | 1,927 | 22.5(0.6) | 639 | 7.4(0.4) | < 0.001 |
| Low income | 7,813 | 75.8(0.5) | 2,064 | 19.8(0.5) | 469 | 4.3(0.3) | ||
| Middle-income | 12,074 | 81.8(0.4) | 2,268 | 15.7(0.4) | 360 | 2.5(0.2) | ||
| High-income | 16,866 | 87.5(0.3) | 2,113 | 11.2(0.3) | 223 | 1.3(0.1) | ||
| Unknown | 2,855 | 84.3(0.8) | 407 | 13.1(0.8) | 86 | 2.6(0.4) | ||
| Marital status | Married | 21,602 | 85.2(0.3) | 3,215 | 12.9(0.3) | 505 | 1.9(0.1) | < 0.001 |
| S/D/W | 11,106 | 76.4(0.5) | 2,595 | 18.5(0.5) | 697 | 5.0(0.2) | ||
| Never married | 10,367 | 78.4(0.5) | 2,478 | 18.0(0.5) | 474 | 3.5(0.2) | ||
| Living with partner | 2,149 | 78.6(0.9) | 491 | 17.7(0.9) | 101 | 3.7(0.4) | ||
| Region | Northeast | 7,407 | 82.6(0.5) | 1,458 | 14.7(0.4) | 278 | 2.7(0.2) | 0.044 |
| Midwest | 9,305 | 81.0(0.5) | 1,856 | 16.2(0.5) | 339 | 2.8(0.2) | ||
| South | 16,784 | 82.3(0.4) | 3,186 | 14.7(0.3) | 701 | 3.0(0.2) | ||
| West | 11,728 | 81.2(0.5) | 2,279 | 15.8(0.5) | 459 | 3.0(0.2) | ||
| BMI | Underweight | 859 | 76.5(1.7) | 208 | 17.4(1.5) | 63 | 6.1(1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Normal | 16,558 | 84.5(0.3) | 2,764 | 13.5(0.3) | 460 | 2.0(0.1) | ||
| Overweight | 15,101 | 83.1(0.4) | 2,726 | 14.4(0.3) | 476 | 2.5(0.2) | ||
| Obese | 12,706 | 77.4(0.4) | 3,081 | 18.3(0.4) | 778 | 4.3(0.2) | ||
| Heavy drinking | No | 38,672 | 82.2(0.2) | 7,276 | 14.9(0.2) | 1,528 | 2.9(0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 6,552 | 79.9(0.6) | 1,503 | 17.4(0.6) | 249 | 2.7(0.2) | ||
| Health insurance coverage | Covered all 12 months | 39,815 | 82.5(0.2) | 7,402 | 14.8(0.2) | 1,437 | 2.7(0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Partial covered | 1,341 | 71.9(1.4) | 455 | 22.7(1.3) | 108 | 5.4(0.7) | ||
| Not covered at all | 4,068 | 79.2(0.7) | 922 | 16.7(0.7) | 232 | 4.1(0.3) | ||
| Survey year | 2015 | 13,180 | 82.2(0.4) | 2,526 | 14.9(0.4) | 511 | 2.8(0.2) | 0.0252 |
| 2016 | 12,393 | 82.6(0.5) | 2,345 | 14.5(0.4) | 501 | 2.9(0.2) | ||
| 2017 | 10,043 | 81.8(0.4) | 1,964 | 15.5(0.4) | 366 | 2.6(0.2) | ||
| 2018 | 9,608 | 80.7(0.5) | 1,944 | 16.1(0.4) | 399 | 3.2(0.2) | ||
| Number of smoking years | 45,224 | 2.4(0.1)** | 8,779 | 4.1(0.2)** | 1,777 | 7.9(0.4)** | ||
Note: SE indicates standard error. *indicates the 4-year average prevalence. NH indicates non-Hispanic; HS indicates high school; S/D/W indicates single, divorced, or widowed; BMI indicates body mass index; **indicates the mean(SE for mean).