. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 6.

Published in final edited form as: Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Oct 8;22(10):1795–1804. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa032

Table 4.

Regressions of Difference in Difference Health Belief Scores Between Sessions 2 and 1 and Between Sessions 3 and 1, by Condition

Condition vs. Control	Sessions 1–2 (n = 4913)	Sessions 1–3 (n = 3360)

	Coefficient (95% CI)	Coefficient (95% CI)

Addictive^b	−1.03 (−1.64, −0.41)^a	−0.39 (−1.08, 0.30)
Harm children^b	0.32 (−0.15, 0.79)	−0.21 (−0.79, 0.37)
Kill you^b	0.09 (−0.42, 0.61)	−0.26 (−0.82, 0.30)
Fatal lung disease in nonsmokers^b	0.50 (0.08, 0.92)^a	0.59 (0.10, 1.08)^a
Quit now^b	0.29 (−0.13, 0.72)	−0.06 (−0.54, 0.42)
Head and neck cancer^c	0.50 (0.37, 0.63)^a	0.25 (0.11, 0.40)^a
Bladder cancer^c	0.60 (0.47, 0.74)^a	0.36 (0.19, 0.52)^a
Stunt fetal growth^b	1.02 (0.54, 1.49)^a	−0.02 (−0.58, 0.54)
Clogged arteries^c	0.18 (0.07, 0.29)^a	−0.01 (−0.13, 0.12)
COPD 1^c,d	0.12 (0.04, 0.21)^a	−0.08 (−0.19, 0.04)
COPD 2^c,e	0.01 (−0.09, 0.11)	−0.10 (−0.20, 0.00)
Erectile dysfunction^c	0.41 (0.28, 0.53)^a	0.10 (−0.05, 0.24)
Amputation^c	0.56 (0.43, 0.69)^a	0.37 (0.23, 0.51)^a
Diabetes^c	0.74 (0.59, 0.89)^a	0.25 (0.08, 0.42)^a
Macular degeneration^c	0.58 (0.46, 0.70)^a	0.26 (0.13, 0.40)^a
Cataracts^c	0.66 (0.52, 0.80)^a	0.33 (0.18, 0.49)^a

Control = average of the four Surgeon General warnings for the relevant health belief. Regressions control for age group and smoking status. CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCW = pictorial cigarette warning. Cronbach’s alpha for scaled items: Head and neck cancer (0.84), Bladder cancer (0.94), Clogged arteries (0.93), COPD 1 (0.85), COPD 2 (0.85), Erectile dysfunction (0.87), Amputation (0.89), Diabetes (0.94), Macular degeneration (0.90), and Cataracts (0.94).

Significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.

There was only one health belief item relevant to this PCW, so the reported result is the coefficient from the ordinal regression.

Health belief items relevant to this PCW were scaled, and the reported result is the coefficient from the linear regression. The coefficient represents: (follow-up session mean for PCW – Session 1 mean for PCW) – (follow-up session mean for Control – Session 1 mean for Control) where follow-up is either Session 2 or Session 3.

Image of diseased lungs.

Image of man with oxygen.