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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2022 Dec 1;59(4):621–636. doi: 10.1037/dev0001489

Table 1.

Associations between Dependent and Independent Stress Frequency and ROIs Controlling for Age and Gender, with and without Whole Brain Control

With whole brain control Without whole-brain control
ROI b β SE t p b β SE t p

Dependent Stressors L. Amygdala −1.498 −0.048 1.989 −0.753 .453 −0.650 −0.021 2.526 −0.257 .797
R. Amygdala −4.682 −0.146 1.983 −2.361 .020 −4.331 −0.135 2.500 −1.732 .086
L. Hippocampus 5.769 0.091 4.684 1.232 .221 7.720 0.121 5.751 1.342 .182
R. Hippocampus 2.412 0.040 3.876 0.622 .535 4.313 0.072 5.067 0.851 .396
L. mPFC
  Area 1.006 0.029 2.781 0.362 .718 1.795 0.052 3.122 0.575 .566
  Thickness - - - - - 0.000 −0.010 0.003 −0.102 .919
R. mPFC
  Area 1.991 0.065 2.230 0.893 .374 2.882 0.094 2.756 1.046 .298
  Thickness - - - - - −0.001 −0.043 0.003 −0.454 .651
Independent Stressors L. Amygdala .239 0.006 2.421 0.099 .921 −1.763 −0.046 3.052 −0.577 .565
R. Amygdala −2.139 −0.055 2.438 −0.877 .382 −4.268 −0.110 3.000 −1.422 .158
L. Hippocampus .672 0.009 5.763 0.117 .907 −3.494 −0.044 7.055 −0.495 .621
R. Hippocampus −.312 −0.004 4.761 −0.066 .948 −4.353 −0.059 6.196 −0.702 .484
L. mPFC
  Area −2.115 −0.050 3.349 −0.631 .529 −2.748 −0.064 3.759 −0.731 .466
  Thickness - - - - - <0.001 0.011 0.003 0.120 .905
R. mPFC
  Area .224 0.006 2.686 0.084 .934 −0.496 −0.013 3.325 −0.149 .882
  Thickness - - - - - −0.004 −0.124 0.003 −1.330 .186

Note. Bold=p<.05. Outcome measure for subcortical ROIs=GMV; Whole brain control for subcortical ROIs=total brain volume excluding ventricles; Whole brain control for cortical surface area=whole brain average area. No whole-brain control for thickness analyses as GM thickness is not associated with head size (Barnes et al., 2010). No results passed FDR correction for multiple comparisons.