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. 2023 Oct 5;11(1):2266215. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2266215

Table 2.

Exposure characteristics (N = 231).

Characteristics Participants n (%)
Time of the event  
Last month 20 (8.7)
Last half year 15 (6.5)
Last year 48 (20.8)
Longer ago 119 (51.5)
Missing 29 (12.5)
Single or multiple events  
Single event 99 (42.9)
Multiple events 82 (35.5)
Missing 50 (21.6)
Type of exposure  
Physical violence  
Participant 37 (16)
Someone else 59 (25.5)
Both 3 (1.3)
Emotional abuse  
Participant 57 (24.7)
Someone else 24 (10.4)
Both 6 (2.6)
Serious injury  
Participant 22 (9.5)
Someone else 34 (14.7)
Both 2 (0.9)
Life threatening event  
Participant 22 (9.5)
Someone else 40 (17.3)
Both 3 (1.3)
Sudden death of a loved one 83 (35.9)
Causing harm to someone 16 (6.9)
COVID-19 vs Other PTEs  
COVID-19 54 (23.4)
Other PTEs 28 (12.1)
Both 120 (51.9)
Not affected 27 (11.7)
Missing 2 (0.9)

Note: PTEs – potentially traumatic events.