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. 2023 Oct 6;9(40):eadh1407. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1407

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Copyright © 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

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Fig. 3. — (A) The demographic histories of the Spitsbergen (F. a. naumanni) and Røst (F. a. arctica) colonies throughout the past 2 million years were estimated with the program GONE (straight) and StairwayPlot2 (dashed). (B) Changes in the effective population size in the period spanning 10,000 to 2 million years ago were also determined with the programs PSMC and MSMC2. Red and blue periods represent climatic warm and cold periods, respectively. HGM, Arctic Holocene Glacial Minimum; LGM, Last Glacial Maximum. Periods I to V = regional and local cold periods on Spitsbergen reconstructed by multiple proxies (31).