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. 2023 Oct 4;52(5):111. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314

Figure 1.

Figure 1

NF-κB signaling pathway and targets of inhibitors against neuroinflammation in AD. 1, rutin; 2, piperlongumine; 3, bee venom; 4, punicalagin; 5, tenuifolin; 6, D4 (a novel piperine derivative); 7, ethanol extract of Bupleurum falcatum; 8, macasiamenene F; 9, miconazole; 10, LD55; 11, the p65 binding domain of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper; 12, K284-6111; 13, epigallocatechin-3-gallate; 14, genistein; 15, oxysophoridine; 16, dihydromyricetin; 17, Gx-50; 18, protosappanin A; 19, icariside II; 20, ATP50-3; 21, DL0410; 22, tanshinone IIA; 23, APN; Aβ, amyloid β; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; D-gal, D-galactose; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLRs, Toll-like receptors; AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6; NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator; IKK, IκB kinase.