Table 3.
The effect of vitamin D deficiency on perinatal outcomes and postnatal morbidities.
| Vit D <10 ng/mL (N = 288) |
Vit D ≥10 ng/mL (N = 791) |
p-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth weight (gram) | 3140 ± 490 | 3159 ± 456 | 0.595 | ||
| SGA | 6 (2.1) | 17 (2.1) | 0.947 | ||
| Apgar score at 5min < 7 | 2 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | 0.290 | ||
| NICU admission | 27/251 (10.8) | 127/680 (18.7) | 0.004c | 0.57 (0.25–1.32) | 0.190 |
| Fetal death | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.270 | ||
| Morbidity during hospitalization | (N = 286) | (N = 788) | |||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Retinopathy of prematurity | 2 (0.7) | 8 (1.0) | 1.000 | 2.46 (0.18–33.73) | 0.501 |
| Meconium aspiration syndrome | 4 (1.4) | 3 (0.4) | 0.086 | ||
| Neonatal jaundice | 42 (14.7) | 120 (15.2) | 0.826 | 0.44 (0.17–1.20) | 0.108 |
| Transient tachypnea of newborn | 12 (4.2) | 44 (5.6) | 0.366 | 0.34 (0.04–2.69) | 0.306 |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 6 (2.1) | 17 (2.2) | 0.953 | 2.82 (0.45–17.61) | 0.268 |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0.462 | ||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.5) | 0.579 | ||
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 4 (1.4) | 5 (0.6) | 0.258 | 7.33 (0.33–164.0) | 0.209 |
| Composite morbidity b | 56 (19.6) | 182 (23.1) | 0.220 | 0.56 (0.26–1.20) | 0.139 |
| Morbidity at present | (N = 274) | (N = 775) | |||
| Developmental delay | 21 (7.7) | 33 (4.3) | 0.028c | 4.28 (1.40–13.05) | 0.011c |
| Bayley-III tests | 7/14 (50) | 6/37 (16.2) | 0.027c | ||
| GMFM | 6/11 (54.5) | 16/38 (42.1) | 0.510 | ||
| Chart review | 9/273 (3.3) | 20/772 (2.6) | 0.542 |
Data are presented in mean ± SD or number of cases (percentage).
SGA, small for gestational age; GMFM, gross motor function measure; a All outcomes were adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, prior preterm birth, nulliparity, method of delivery and method of conception; b Composite morbidity during hospitalization includes neonatal sepsis, intracerebral hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, meconium aspiration syndrome, neonatal jaundice, transient tachypnea of newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension and necrotizing enterocolitis.
c statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).