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. 2023 Oct 6;14:6258. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41992-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Data are presented as mean values of a population size of n = 10,000 (Bootstrapping samples) life cycle phase emissions, while error bars in the form of standard deviations for each scenario are shown to illustrate the dispersion of data points. The lower and upper bounds for each scenario are mentioned as follows (Lower bound, Upper bound); Scenario 1: Manufacturing phase: (8.66, 27.05), Operation phase: (14.69, 26.63), End-of-Life phase: (−8.32, −2.59); Scenario 2: Manufacturing phase: (11.65, 37.56), Operation phase: (12.13, 22.08), End-of-Life phase: (−8.56, −2.66); Scenario 3: Manufacturing phase: (8.66, 27.05), Operation phase: (2.06, 6.68), End-of-Life phase: (−8.32, −2.59); Scenario 4: Manufacturing phase: (11.65, 37.56), Operation phase: (1.91, 6.5), End-of-Life phase: (−8.56, −2.66). The Standard Deviation values are as follows; Scenario 1: Manufacturing phase: 4.55, Operation phase: 3.83, End-of-Life phase: 1.59; Scenario 2: Manufacturing phase: 6.4, Operation phase: 3.15, End-of-Life phase: 1.64; Scenario 3: Manufacturing phase: 4.55, Operation phase: 1.13, End-of-Life phase: 1.59; Scenario 4: Manufacturing phase: 6.4, Operation phase: 1.12, End-of-Life phase: 1.64.