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. 2023 Oct 6;14:6257. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41594-y

Fig. 2. Piezoelectric hydrogel for chondrogenesis in vitro study.

Fig. 2

a–c Relative gene expression of the chondrogenic gene markers COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9 (n = 3 independent samples, the data are expressed as Mean ± SEM value. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ****p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). d GAG/DNA (µg/ µg) ratio carried out by dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) kit and dsDNA qualification kit, (n = 4 independent samples, the data are expressed as Mean ± SEM value **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). e Alcian blue staining of GAGs (blue) and nuclei (pink) after 2 weeks of culturing cells on different hydrogels (Scale bars: 200 μm). f Type II collagen visualization with Immunofluorescence (green) and nuclei (blue) on different hydrogel (Scale bars: 200 μm). g–i Relative gene expression of the chondrogenic gene markers COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9 respectively of ADSCs in the piezoelectric hydrogels with different concentrations of NF-sPLLA and activated by US (n = 3 independent samples, the data are expressed as mean ± SEM value, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison tests). Exact p value were provided in the Source Data file.