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. 2023 Oct 6;14:6226. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42008-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Chemical structures of the conducting polymers, including PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi. b FTIR spectra of PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi. c XPS survey for PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi. d High-resolution spectra of C1s for different conducting polymers. e Zeta potential of conducting polymer aqueous dispersions (n = 3 independent experiments). f Diagram of water and oil droplets wetting conducting polymer films. g Water and oil contact angles of PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi (n = 5 independent experiments). h The particle size of different conducting polymers dispersed in water. i Filtration ratio of PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi. Inset: Photographs of conducting polymer aqueous dispersions passed through a membrane filter (n = 5 independent experiments). j UV–vis absorbance spectra of PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi aqueous dispersions. k Conductivity of PANi, b-PANi, and f-PANi (n = 5 independent experiments). PANi: polyaniline, b-PANi: borated polyaniline, f-PANi: functionalized polyaniline. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation in (e, g, i, k).