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. 2023 Oct 6;14:6226. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42008-9

Fig. 5. Electrochemical properties and resistive sensing investigation of the CAHPs.

Fig. 5

a Frequency-dependent impedance (Z) curves of the PVA hydrogel and CAHPs. b Conductivity of the PVA hydrogel and CAHPs (n = 5 independent experiments). c The conductivity of CAHP-12% incubated in PBS at 37 °C for 30 days (n = 3 independent experiments). d CV curves of the PVA hydrogel and CAHPs. e Charge injection curves of CAHP-12% with biphasic pulses of 1 s and ±0.5 V for 1000 cycles. f, g Uniaxial compressive (f) and tensile (g) stress-induced current changes (∆I/I0) in the circuit. k represents the sensitivity of stress-dependent current changes, which is the slope of the fitted curve. h Photograph of the pressure-resistance sensing system of the balloon model. i Photograph of the shape change of CAHP on the balloon surface under systolic and diastolic states. j Intraballoon pressure and interfacial CAHP resistance from model systole to diastole. k Sensitivity of CAHP-based resistive sensing in response to pressure changes in the balloon. l Current change in the CAHP when the internal pressure reaches 30 mmHg, 50 mmHg, and 80 mmHg. PVA: polyvinyl alcohol, CAHP chronological adhesive hydrogel patch. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation in (b, c) and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test in (b), ***p < 0.001. b p = 1.09 × 10−15 (PVA vs CAHP-8%).