Table 3.
Results and details of recent animal studies investigating ANE.
| Reference | Species | Sex | Route of Administration, Dose | Age of Exposure (PND) | Age at Test(s) (PND) | Behavior Category | Behavior Test(s) | Behavioral Results | Brain Region(s) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corongiu et al. [189] | Rat | M | 0.4 mg/kg s.c. | 35, 42, 49 | 25, 42, 49 | NAc shell. DLS |
-↑ extracellular DA - No effect |
|||
| Cardenas & Loftipour [181] | Rat | M,F | 20 µg/kg/.1 ml, intravenous | 28–31 | 32–36 | Drug taking | Meth s-a | ↑ meth s-a in males, but not females | ||
| Locker et al. [182] | Mouse | F | Oral s-a, 200 µg/ml | 35–41 | 42–44 | Drug taking | Alcohol s-a | ↑ alcohol s-a | Frontal cortex | ↑ nAChR density |
| Cardenas et al. [183] | Rat | M,F | 30 µg/kg/.1 ml, intravenous | 28–31 | 32 | Drug taking | Cocaine and fentanyl s-a | ↑ drug s-a | ||
| Reed & Izenwasser al. [184] | Rat | M | 0.4 mg.kg i.p. | 30–36 | 39–45 | Drug Taking | Cocaine s-a | ↑ cocaine s-a | ||
| Lenoir et al. [190] | Rat | M, F | 0.001-1 mg/kg i.p. | 35–37 | 35–37, 38 | Conditioned reward | CPP | ↑ CPP in adolescents than adults | NAc, caudate putamen | ↑ nAChR density |
| Cao et al. [191] | Rat | M, F | 30 µg/kg/100 µl intravenous | 28, 38 | 28, 38 | Drug reward | Locomotor activity | ↑ locomotor activity in adolescents than adults | ||
| Renda et al. [192] | Mouse | M | 200 µg/ml Oral s-a | 44.4–49.5, 54–59, 60–65 | 44.4–49.5, 54–59, 60–65 | Drug consumption | 2 BC | ↑ consumption in adolescents than adults | VTA | ↑ α4* NACHR in adolescent than adults, correlation between nicotine consume and α4* NACHR expression |
| Schassburger et al. [194] | Rat | M,F | 3, 10, 30 µg/kg/infusion, intravenous s-a | 30–46 | 30–46 | Drug consumption | Instrumental responding | ↑ responding in adults than in adolescents | ||
| Weaver et al. [195] | Rat | M | 0.32 mg/kg s.c. | 29–42 | 64 | Reward learning | Instrumental responding for reward cue | No impact of ANE on responding in adulthood | ||
| Jobson et al. [172] | Rat | M | 0.4 mg/kg s.c., (3x daily) | 35–44 | 76 |
-Anxiety -Depression |
-OF, LDB, sub-threshold fear memory -FST, |
-↑ ALB -↑ DLB |
VTA, PFC |
-↑ firing of VTA and PFC DA neurons -↓ PFC D1 protein expression -↑ PFC pERK1-2 expression |
| Hudson et al. [198] | Rat | M | 0.4 mg/kg s.c. | 35–44 (3x daily) | 75 |
-Anxiety -Depression |
-OF, LDB -FST, Sucrose Preference |
-↑ ALB -↓ DLB |
NAc shell |
-↑ pERK1-2 expression -↑ GSK-3 phosphorylation -↓ D1 expression -Altered MSN firing rate |
| Counotte et al. [205] | Rat | M | 0.4 mg/kg s.c. | 34–43 (3x daily) | 78 | Attention | 5-choice serial reaction time task | Impaired performance | PFC | ↓ mGluR2 protein expression and function |
| Xue et al. [220] | Rat | M, F | 0.03, 0.1, 0.1, mg/kg, s.c. | 50–54 | 50–54 | Reward | Intracranial self-stimulation | ↓ reward threshold in both sexes, greater reduction in females | ||
| Chellian et al. [221] | Rat | M, F |
-NRC 200 (0.07 mg/cigarette)/NRC 600 (0.84 mg/cig) smoke exposure - 0.3 mg/kg, s.c. |
24–42 | 55 | Drug taking | Nicotine s-a | ↑ s-a nicotine intake in females but not males | ||
| Goriounova & Mansvelder et al. [206] | Rat | 0.4 mg/kg s.c. | 34–43 (3x daily) | 46, 78 | mPFC | Altered spike-timed dependent plasticity | ||||
| Holliday et al. [196] | Mouse | M | 0.25 µl/hour s.c. osmotic pump | 32–44 | 45, 74 |
-Anxiety -Depression -Cognition |
-EPM -FST -Contextual fear conditioning |
-↑ ALB -↑ DLB - Impaired contextual freezing |
CA1 | ↓ dendritic spine length and complexity |
| Gitik et al. [209] | Mouse | M | 0.25 µl/hour s.c. osmotic pump | 23, 38–35, 50 | 68, 80 | Cognition | Contextual fear conditioning | ↓ contextual freezing | Hippocampus | Altered methylation of chromatin remodeling genes |
| Connor & Gould [207] | Mouse | M | 12.6 mg/kg/day, s.c. osmotic pump | 38, 38–68 | 70 | Learning | Trace fear conditioning | ↓ fear learning | Dorsal hippocampus | ↓ BDNF expression |
| Linker et al. [216] | Rat | M, F | 30 µg/kg/.1 ml intravenous | 28–31 (2x daily) | 32 | Drug taking | Cocaine s-a | ↑ acquisition of cocaine s-a | NAc, BLA | -↑ in IBA+ cells and IBA1 expression |
Note: PND post-natal days, M male, F female, NRC nicotine research cigarette, s-a self-administration, i.p intraperitoneal, s.c. subcutaneous, FST forced swim test, EPM elevated plus maze, LDB light dark box, 2 BC 2-bottle choice, OF open field, ALB anxiety-like behavior, DLB depression-like behavior, DLS dorsal lateral striatum, CPP conditioned place preference, empty spaces indicate information that was not relevant to study or was not specified.