Table 2.

Brief summary of the constructions, properties, and biomedical applications of HSHs

Constructions	Hydrogel systems	Maximum SRs	Properties	Biomedical applications	Ref.
Based on natural polymers	CMCS, BTA, di‐amino Jeffamine	7560%	pH‐sensitive swelling, self‐healing, antibacterial	Not specific	[30]
	Gentamicin‐conjugated alginate	4962%	Adhesive, antibacterial	Not involved	[40]
	Oxidized HPC, CS	3570%	Self‐healing, injectable	Not specific	[12a]
	HA, chondroitin sulfate	1200%	Self‐healing, injectable, noncytotoxic	Bioprinting	[59]
	HA‐DA, rGO@PDA	300%	Injectable, self‐healing, photothermal, adhesive, conductive, hemostatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, sustained drug release	Wound healing	[12d]
	Gelatin, HP‐β‐CD, BMSC	198%	Injectable, biocompatible, biodegradable, osteogenic, angiogenic	Bone regeneration	[12e]
	l‐glutamic acid‐g‐CS, DOX	426%	pH‐responsive swelling, biocompatible, biodegradable, sustained drug release	Anti‐cancer drug delivery	[125]
	SA, gum tragacanth, phenolic compounds	300%	pH‐responsive swelling, biodegradable, sustained release	Intestine‐targeted drug delivery	[131]
Based on synthetic polymers	PAM, MPTAC, MBA	25 000%	Transparent, robust, elastic	Not involved	[12b]
	Carbopol934‐g‐PAA, EGDMA, diclofenac sodium	800%	pH‐responsive swelling, pH‐dependent drug release	pH‐dependent drug delivery	[133]
Blending natural and synthetic polymers	PAM, CS, SA	1258%	Long‐term mechanical stability and gastric retention, biocompatibility, biodegradable	Long‐term drug delivery	[12c]
	QCS, Matrigel, PAM	1200%	Stretchable, adhesive, biocompatible, antibacterial, hemostatic	Wound healing	[86]
	Alginate‐Nb, PEG‐Tz, DOX	2600%	Injectability, reduction‐responsive, biocompatible, remarkable drug loading efficiency, antitumor	Reduction‐responsive drug release	[138]