Table 3.
Descriptive statistic of selected variables classified by income level.
| Level of Development |
Unit |
High-Income |
Middle-Income |
Low-Income |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | No. Obs | Mean | No. Obs | Mean | No. Obs | Mean | |
| Year | 935 | 2007.589 | 1208 | 2006.91 | 245 | 2005.894 | |
| GDP per Capita | USD constant | 935 | 38496.647 | 1208 | 5091.605 | 245 | 634.893 |
| Government Spending per Capita | USD constant | 930 | 6932.08 | 1146 | 838.381 | 205 | 78.506 |
| Financial Openness | Index | 824 | 0.876 | 1106 | 0.489 | 239 | 0.4 |
| Government Expenditure to GDP | Percentage | 847 | 38 | 977 | 25.62 | 195 | 18.321 |
| Expenditure on Public Administrative to GDP | Percentage | 842 | 6.306 | 871 | 7.659 | 172 | 5.982 |
| Expenditure on Defense to GDP | Percentage | 803 | 1.939 | 820 | 1.852 | 164 | 1.93 |
| Expenditure on Order to GDP | Percentage | 841 | 1.577 | 886 | 1.896 | 158 | 1.302 |
| Expenditure on Economics to GDP | Percentage | 842 | 4.224 | 892 | 4.144 | 180 | 3.78 |
| Expenditure on Environment to GDP | Percentage | 728 | .631 | 647 | 0.368 | 119 | 0.093 |
| Expenditure on Housing to GDP | Percentage | 840 | 0.733 | 881 | 0.753 | 163 | 0.557 |
| Expenditure on Health to GDP | Percentage | 841 | 4.977 | 897 | 1.976 | 181 | 1.133 |
| Expenditure on Culture to GDP | Percentage | 825 | 0.953 | 826 | 0.507 | 145 | 0.166 |
| Expenditure on Education to GDP | Percentage | 842 | 4.547 | 890 | 3.45 | 181 | 2.645 |
| Expenditure on Social Protection to GDP | Percentage | 842 | 12.188 | 843 | 3.97 | 168 | 0.919 |
| Old-Age Dependency Ratio, ln | Logarithm | 935 | 2.784 | 1189 | 2.347 | 245 | 1.819 |
| GDP per Capita, ln | Logarithm | 935 | 10.436 | 1208 | 8.329 | 245 | 6.383 |
| Government Spending per Capita, ln | Logarithm | 930 | 8.683 | 1146 | 6.405 | 205 | 4.242 |
| Trade to GDP, ln | Logarithm | 930 | 4.546 | 1181 | 4.317 | 222 | 3.82 |
| Control of Corruption, ln | Logarithm | 826 | 4.418 | 1043 | 3.576 | 209 | 2.623 |
| Democracy | Dummy Variable | 935 | 0.857 | 1208 | 0.684 | 245 | 0.392 |
| Growth Rate of GDP per Capita (4 years), ln | Logarithm | 624 | 1.989 | 873 | 2.513 | 159 | 2.537 |
| Government Debt to GDP, ln | Logarithm | 262 | 3.495 | 454 | 3.727 | 43 | 3.978 |
Source: The author, data from GFS and the World Bank.