Table 1.
Spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters of surface water, heavy metals and microbiological quality of Lagos Lagoon.
| parameters | Site I |
Site II |
Site III |
Site IV |
ANOVA |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min–Max. | Mean ± SD | Min–Max. | Mean ± SD | F | Sig. | |
| pH | 7.35–8.69 | 7.88 ± 0.11 | 6.41–7.01 | 6.15 ± 1.14 | 7.79–8.32 | 7.97 ± 0.06 | 7.96–8.01 | 7.98 ± 2.35 | 0.92 | 0.027 |
| Water temperature (°C) | 19.60–27.00 | 21.61 ± 1.12 | 18.80–29.30 | 24.97 ± 1.16 | 22.50–2.10 | 22.20 ± 16.79 | 17.30–23.50 | 19.40 ± 15.10 | 0.36 | 0.785 |
| EC (μs/cm) | 5490.00–30100.00 | 38089.67 ± 2411.42 | 3380.00–850.00 | 6450.67 ± 840.73 | 2350.00–33700.00 | 10755.25 ± 4097.49 | 25300.00–27410.00 | 26355.00 ± 1055.00 | 0.58 | 0.636 |
| Salinity (ppt) | 0.00–19.50 | 13.21 ± 1.46 | 11.60–17.10 | 15.00 ± 0.84 | 10.30–31.40 | 15.34 ± 1.29 | 10.70–12.20 | 11.45 ± 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.498 |
| Turbidity (NTU) | 0.20–14.03 | 4.39 ± 1.34 | 0.10–18.20 | 5.53 ± 3.13 | 0.10–10.34 | 4.48 ± 1.40 | 2.56–7.08 | 1.32 ± 0.76 | 0.13 | 0.940 |
| TDS (mg/l) | 3372.00–10982.00 | 8399.75 ± 623.14 | 5340.00–9654.00 | 7197.83 ± 595.95 | 6240.00–11200.00 | 9277.50 ± 536.42 | 1610.00–3204.00 | 2407.00 ± 797.00 | 8.21 | 0.001** |
| TSS (mg/l) | 3.50–20491.00 | 4507.41 ± 2042.14 | 4.14–5693.00 | 5260.21 ± 1055.43 | 4.25–8732.00 | 3002.07 ± 1253.84 | 2.90–4690.00 | 2346.45 ± 2343.55 | 0.30 | 0.822 |
| THC (mg/l) | 0.00–0.20 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.07–0.10 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 2.48 | 0.085 |
| DO (mg/L) | 2.87–9.34 | 4.14 ± 0.56 | 1.04–4.01 | 2.81 ± 0.85 | 3.90–10.85 | 5.12 ± 0.73 | 7.30–8.47 | 7.89 ± 0.58 | 1.76 | 0.181 |
| COD (mg/L) | 0.00–135.00 | 38.36 ± 9.64 | 14.50–26.43 | 10.87 ± 4.16 | 25.00–93.00 | 47.48 ± 9.41 | 15.76–57.00 | 36.38 ± 20.62 | 0.31 | 0.820 |
| BOD (mg/l) | 9.40–32.00 | 17.21 ± 2.23 | 4.50–52.01 | 40.82 ± 5.01 | 5.67–215.00 | 40.62 ± 25.17 | 2.87–18.00 | 15.44 ± 2.57 | 0.77 | 0.522 |
| Sulphate (mg/l) | 17.50–131.00 | 58.41 ± 15.51 | 15.70–32.00 | 24.59 ± 3.01 | 18.30–131.00 | 49.49 ± 17.81 | 130.00–152.00 | 130.00 ± 90.01 | 2.75 | 0.065 |
| Phosphate (mg/l) | 1.02–3.47 | 2.12 ± 0.26 | 1.11–301.00 | 51.80 ± 49.84 | 0.97–2.18 | 1.53 ± 0.17 | 1.02–6.89 | 3.96 ± 2.94 | 1.25 | 0.313 |
| Chloride (mg/l) | 243.56–14176.00 | 7466.76 ± 156.79 | 6549.00–13438.00 | 10172.83 ± 114.96 | 355.47–12750.00 | 8193.59 ± 175.32 | 368.64–563.00 | 465.82 ± 97.18 | 2.15 | 0.021* |
| Nitrate (mg/l) | 2.00–13.01 | 5.66 ± 0.97 | 3.70–6.98 | 6.91 ± 0.47 | 0.98–7.89 | 4.19 ± 0.80 | 1.63–2.00 | 1.82 ± 0.19 | 1.55 | 0.228 |
| Calcium (mg/l) | 1.39–601.00 | 314.46 ± 68.85 | 311.50–657.90 | 496.36 ± 50.66 | 1.44–490.67 | 269.57 ± 64.58 | 1.42–4.98 | 3.20 ± 1.78 | 3.49 | 0.031* |
| Sodium (mg/l) | 0.02–200.67 | 75.87 ± 19.31 | 99.20–1300.09 | 509.55 ± 201.08 | 0.08–87.00 | 58.49 ± 13.06 | 0.78–2.70 | 1.74 ± 0.96 | 5.98 | 0.003 |
| Magnesium (mg/l) | 0.08–80.45 | 27.60 ± 7.31 | 13.80–70.32 | 45.45 ± 9.49 | 0.06–70.10 | 32.78 ± 8.79 | 0.55–2.74 | 1.65 ± 1.19 | 1.78 | 0.177 |
| Potassium (mg/l) | 0.95–23.95 | 9.87 ± 2.23 | 9.70–15.47 | 12.99 ± 0.85 | 1.09–20.50 | 11.98 ± 2.55 | 1.10–6.48 | 3.79 ± 2.69 | 1.12 | 0.360 |
| Manganese (mg/L) | 0.00–0.11 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.00–0.26 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.00–0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 6.19 | 0.003** |
| Lead (mg/l) | 0.00–0.41 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.00–0.21 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.90 | 0.21 ± 0.14 | 0.02–0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 1.46 | 0.252 |
| Copper (mg/l) | 0.00–0.36 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.47 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.17–0.42 | 0.30 ± 0.13 | 2.29 | 0.104 |
| Chromium (mg/l) | 0.00–0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.433 |
| Nickel (mg/l) | 0.00–0.94 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 0.01–0.62 | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.01–0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 1.29 | 0.299 |
| Zinc (mg/l) | 0.00–9.86 | 1.80 ± 0.87 | 0.02–6.40 | 1.83 ± 1.06 | 0.00–2.95 | 0.78 ± 0.40 | 0.23–0.51 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.680 |
| Iron (mg/l) | 0.01–4.95 | 1.19 ± 0.51 | 0.00–5.28 | 0.99 ± 0.86 | 0.00–1.09 | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.00–8.29 | 4.15 ± 2.03 | 2.06 | 0.133 |
| Cadmium (mg/l) | 0.01–0.21 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.00–0.32 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.00–0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.457 |
| THF (Cfu/ml) | 10.00–570.00 | 259.17 ± 62.83 | 220.00–510.00 | 418.33 ± 42.69 | 250.00–4000.00 | 1186.25 ± 516.60 | 0.00–10.00 | 5.00 ± 2.38 | 2.55 | 0.079 |
| THB (Cfu/ml) | 610.00–2.0 × 105 | 35162.42 ± 20957.14 | 1100.00–1900.00 | 1501.67 ± 138.09 | 700.00–2700.00 | 1736.38 ± 240.89 | 7000.00–7020.00 | 7010.00 ± 10.00 | 1.03 | 0.398 |
| Total coliform (Cfu/ml) | 150.00–901.00 | 406.00 ± 80.20 | 90.00–210.00 | 153.50 ± 18.73 | 450.00–810.00 | 572.38 ± 52.08 | 0.00–1500.00 | 750.00 ± 562.01 | 3.11 | 0.045 |
| THUB (%) | 0.00–470.00 | 164.38 ± 47.82 | 140.00–210.00 | 173.33 ± 10.54 | 10.00–430.00 | 205.25 ± 46.06 | 0.00–10.00 | 5.00 ± 3.71 | 1.35 | 0.281 |
| THUF (%) | 0.00–150.00 | 35.42 ± 15.56 | 10.00–170.00 | 98.33 ± 28.80 | 0.00–30.00 | 13.75 ± 3.63 | 0.00–10.00 | 5.00 ± 4.01 | 3.97 | 0.020* |
Note: EC (Electrical conductivity), DO (Dissolved oxygen), TDS (Total dissolved solids), TSS (Total suspended solids), THC (Total hydrocarbon), COD (Chemical oxygen demands), BOD (Biochemical oxygen demands), THF (Total heterotrophic fungi), THB (Total heterotrophic bacteria), THUB (Total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria) and THUF (Total hydrocarbon utilizing fungi), ANOVA – Analysis of Variance p value.