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. 2023 Sep 3;9(9):e19508. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19508

Table 2.

Spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters of sediment, heavy metals and microbiological quality of Lagos Lagoon.

Parameters Site I
 Site II
 Site III
 Site IV
 ANOVA
Min–Max. Mean ± SD Min–Max. Mean ± SD Min–Max. Mean ± SD Min–Max. Mean ± SD F Sig.
pH 6.18–9.18 7.58 ± 0.27 6.14–7.53 6.87 ± 0.19 7.02–8.98 7.02 ± 1.03 6.76–7.48 7.34 ± 0.14 0.462 0.711
EC (μS/cm) 210.00–560.00 399.58 ± 27.57 375.00–650.00 545.00 ± 47.54 250.00–617.00 402.13 ± 44.45 340.00–440.00 390.00 ± 50.00 2.815 0.061
Total Organic Carbon (%) 0.02–0.19 0.07 ± 0.14 0.04–0.26 0.11 ± 0.03 0.01–0.20 0.09 ± 0.02 0.13–0.17 0.15 ± 0.02 1.267 0.308
Moisture Content 25.20–35.10 31.82 ± 20.84 0.00–33.27 27.19 ± 15.44 30.20–36.20 32.82 ± 20.71 33.14–37.14 35.14 ± 22.00 1.197 0.332
Sand (%) 67.20–91.80 83.66 ± 72.46 35.10–97.10 73.52 ± 63.69 20.30–80.90 54.40 ± 48.00 85.00–90.00 87.50 ± 82.50 4.280 0.015*
Silt (%) 5.00–28.60 12.09 ± 2.19 1.50–51.80 20.27 ± 9.89 10.30–58.50 31.75 ± 6.37 5.00–10.00 7.50 ± 2.50 2.938 0.054
Clay (%) 0.00–10.00 4.34 ± 1.07 14.03–63.10 61.22 ± 38.88 6.80–21.20 13.93 ± 1.67 2.00–5.00 5.00 ± 0.01 9.116 0.000
Porosity 42.90–45.10 44.10 ± 0.19 40.20–75.40 50.57 ± 32.82 40.10–46.20 43.25 ± 0.69 43.30–44.20 43.75 ± 0.45 0.561 0.646
permeability 0.00–0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01–0.03 0.02 ± 0.01 0.00–0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01–0.02 0.01 ± 0.01 0.941 0.437
Total hydrocarbon (cmol/kg) 0.00–0.10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00–0.01 0.01 ± 0.002 0.01–0.02 0.04 ± 0.02 0.01–0.02 0.01 ± 0.01 0.504 0.683
Sulphate (μgg−1) 2.75–7.38 4.55 ± 0.43 3.62–8.92 5.94 ± 0.74 3.45–8.21 5.72 ± 0.60 2.56–3.61 3.09 ± 0.53 2.476 0.086
Phosphorus (μgg−1) 0.36–6.60 4.49 ± 0.54 1.90–8.71 6.79 ± 0.67 4.41–7.80 5.74 ± 0.36 2.10–3.98 3.04 ± 0.94 2.553 0.079
Chloride (μgg−1) 1.03–4.03 2.10 ± 0.26 1.14–2.25 1.71 ± 0.18 0.80–2.20 1.33 ± 0.18 0.08–0.83 0.46 ± 0.38 4.076 0.018*
Total nitrogen (%) 1.25–4.95 2.97 ± 0.31 1.80–3.67 2.62 ± 0.31 1.32–7.01 4.27 ± 0.79 3.15–3.25 3.20 ± 0.05 1.826 0.169
Calcium (cmol/kg) 1.90–37.84 13.99 ± 4.13 4.89–13.22 11.51 ± 0.88 1.51–17.23 9.19 ± 1.99 4.70–5.07 4.89 ± 0.19 0.784 0.514
Magnesium (cmol/kg) 1.03–4.91 3.32 ± 0.38 0.45–5.50 2.76 ± 0.78 1.96–6.21 3.98 ± 0.60 0.93–1.90 1.42 ± 0.49 1.710 0.192
Potassium (cmol/kg) 1.20–5.89 2.85 ± 0.39 1.98–321 2.43 ± 0.23 1.18–4.50 2.73 ± 0.42 1.73–2.37 2.05 ± 0.32 0.381 0.767
Sodium (cmol/kg) 18.41–67.80 53.28 ± 44.88 25.87–50.12 36.82 ± 14.26 39.40–71.42 44.46 ± 41.12 38.70–41.98 40.34 ± 31.64 1.936 0.151
Lead (μgg−1) 0.001–2.67 0.57 ± 0.27 0.001–0.25 0.73 ± 0.05 0.01–0.02 0.005 ± 0.002 0.00–0.01 0.01 ± 0.02 7.461 0.001**
Chromium (μgg−1) 0.00–7.28 1.52 ± 0.72 0.00–2.21 2.13 ± 0.40 0.21–1.98 1.23 ± 0.23 0.21–0.51 0.36 ± 0.15 0.365 0.779
Manganese (μgg−1) 0.00–1.78 0.93 ± 0.14 0.27–1.90 0.88 ± 0.24 0.27–1.83 1.10 ± 0.24 0.63–0.89 0.76 ± 0.13 0.318 0.812
Nickel (μgg−1) 0.001–44 0.46 ± 0.18 0.001–1.76 0.84 ± 0.34 0.00–0.06 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01–0.05 0.02 ± 0.02 1.789 0.176
Zinc (μgg−1) 0.18–8.76 4.32 ± 0.86 0.30–12.04 4.62 ± 2.06 0.87–11.42 6.50 ± 1.42 0.77–1.79 1.28 ± 0.51 1.201 0.331
Iron (μgg−1) 30.07–80.23 57.93 ± 4.67 1.79–86.06 54.56 ± 11.74 38.63–123.58 84.23 ± 10.26 49.91–51.57 50.74 ± 0.83 2.852 0.058
Copper (μgg−1) 0.57–4.36 1.93 ± 0.32 0.02–3.91 1.95 ± 0.68 1.42–5.89 3.40 ± 0.57 0.33–2.54 1.44 ± 1.11 2.283 0.105
Cadmium (μgg−1) 0.001–0.12 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02–0.19 0.06 ± 0.03 0.00–0.04 0.01 ± 0.04 0.00–0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 1.855 0.164
THF (Cfug−1) 10.0–45.00 23.08 ± 3.72 1.50–30500.00 10086.40 ± 6376.62 4.00–4000.00 539.25 ± 494.45 10.00–26.00 18.00 ± 8.00 2.991 0.051
THB (Cfug−1) 100.00–5100.00 1007.17 ± 546.22 245.00–15000.00 7374.17 ± 2475.14 200.00–3.00 × 108 4.0 × 107 ± 372 × 107 100.00–125.00 112.50 ± 12.50 0.942 0.436
Total Coliform (Cfug−1) 0.02–25000.00 3821.84 ± 253.72 305.00–15000.00 4716.67 ± 2671.15 1.10–350.00 113.27 ± 50.42 1.27–1.30 1.29 ± 0.15 0.809 0.501
THUB (%) 1.20–6.01 2.53 ± 0.35 1.71–16000.00 5168.09 ± 3269.79 1.02–2.67 1.76 ± 0.18 1.80–1.87 1.84 ± 0.04 3.138 0.044
THUF (%) 0.87–2.90 1.80 ± 0.22 1.50–18000.00 3042.89 ± 2991.69 1.01–2.54 1.87 ± 0.17 1.90–2.10 2.00 ± 0.10 1.299 0.298

Note: THF (Total heterotrophic fungi), THB (Total heterotrophic bacteria), THUB (Total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria) and THUF (Total hydrocarbon utilizing fungi).