Table 3.

Theoretical studies related to welfare effects in rural deprived areas.

Theory	Concept	Representation
Welfare Economics	The efficient allocation of resources through income redistribution to achieve Pareto optimality, which in turn increases total social utility and enhances total social welfare	Arthur Cecil Pigou, 1920
Theory of Ordinal Utility	The welfare of society as a whole is improved through redistribution so that those who have suffered are better off than before the change after receiving compensation from those who have benefited	Nicholas Kaldor, 1939
Consumer Surplus Theory	The difference between the total amount consumers are willing to pay for a good and the actual amount they spend on it is often used to measure and analyze social welfare issues	John Richard Hicks, 1939
The Hierarchy of Needs Theory	Examining the welfare effects in impoverished rural areas so that welfare measures meet the needs of each stratum of the population and thus increase the total welfare utility	Maslow, 1943
Theory of Justice	The goal of society should be to maximize the effectiveness of the weakest in society and to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to earn something for their work	Rawls, 1971