Table 4.

Measurement methods of welfare effects.

Method	Content	Representation
Compensation Variation	Monetary compensation to those who have lost out on welfare so that the consumer's level of welfare returns to the previous level	Moint Goletti, 2000
Willingness-to-pay	Consumers' subjective perceptions of their willingness to spend	Lusk et al., 2003
Equivalence Income	Income levels when the same utility is achieved under the same reference price and budget constraint, examining changes in welfare effects	King, 1983
Indifference Curve	At the point of tangency between the socially undifferentiated curve and the social exchange curve, welfare reaches its maximum	Pareto et al., 2005
Cost Function	Exploring the extent to which simple approximations can be used to measure the welfare costs of tax reform	Banks, 1996
Marginal Analysis	Using OLS and Ordered Probit models, marginal substitution between the effects of happiness levels and other variables was investigated	Hessami, 2010