Table 1.
Description of model variables (explanatory variables).
| Variables | Description |
|---|---|
| Farm characteristics | |
| Farming experience | Number of years rainfed smallholder farmer has been farming |
| Farm size | Total land area cultivated by household in hectares |
| Soil fertility | Dummy = 1 if household cultivate in fertile land, 0 otherwise |
| Farm infrastructure | Dummy = 1 if household own or have access to farm infrastructure, 0 otherwise |
| Farm labour | Dummy = 1 if household has farm labour, 0 otherwise |
| Market access | Dummy = 1 if household has access to market, 0 otherwise |
| Informational/services characteristics | |
| Access to climate information/services | Dummy = 1 if household has access to climate information and services, 0 otherwise |
| Access to extension service | Dummy = 1 if household has access to extension services (both public and private), 0 otherwise |
| Socio-cultural characteristics | |
| Indigenous knowledge and practices | Dummy = 1 if household rely on indigenous knowledge and practices in farming, 0 otherwise |
| Belief in reality or impact of climate change | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer belief in the reality of climate change, 0 otherwise |
| Shared values | Dummy = 1 if household holds some shared values that guide their agronomic and adaptation decision, 0 otherwise |
| Social network | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer is a member of social group in the society or receive social support, 0 otherwise |
| Risk perception | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer perceive risk associated to climate change, 0 otherwise |
| Migration | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer migrate, 0 otherwise |
| Government support | Dummy = 1 if household receive support from government, 0 otherwise |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Livestock ownership | Dummy = 1 if household owns livestock, 0 otherwise |
| Asset ownership | Dummy = 1 if household own assets, 0 otherwise |
| Land tenure | Dummy = 1 if household own land, 0 otherwise |
| Financial characteristics | |
| Off farm income | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer has other off farm source of income, 0 otherwise |
| Access to credit | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer has access to credit facilities for agricultural production, 0 otherwise |
| Remittance | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer receives regular remittance, 0 otherwise |
| Farm Insurance | Dummy = 1 if rainfed smallholder farmer has any form of farm insurance, 0 otherwise |
Source: Author's construct (2022)