Table 6.

Public health policy formulation and BDA.

Major phases	Key indicators	Sources
Problem identification	•Finding a condition that needs fixing and gathering data to show how bad it is. •Finding the important, relevant information to describe the issue.	[7,8] [67]
Agenda setting	•The target audience for this material includes decision-makers as well as other stakeholders. It requires establishing the significance of an issue and its causes. It needs demanding frameworks.	[13]
Policy formulation	•Outlining the mechanisms and regulations that will enable intervention. •Analyzing the effects of current or prospective policies and recording how they will affect health and its determinants (using, for example, tools such as health impact assessments). •Outlining the effects of every choice. Using the data produced by forecasting, describing the future costs and advantages of all strategic options.	[11,73]
Implementation	•Monitoring the consequences of previously passed policies and participating in their implementation. •Producing analyses while using technical proficiency, real-world experience and specialist knowledge, concentrating on the potential use of the knowledge acquired across various contexts.	[13,55] [74]
Policy evaluation	•Developing surveillance systems. •Outlining distinctions between the policy's planned and actual impacts. •Executing complex evaluations.	[82] [11] [74]