Table 1.

Summary of Monosodium glutamate-induced Metabolic Disorders in Mammalian Organism.

Dose and Route of Administration	Duration of Administration	Subject	Result/Findings	Authors
3–4 mg/g subcutaneous	At 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 days of rat life	Rats	MSG increased body weight, body mass index, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL & LDL.	[56]
3 mg/g via the rear brain	5 days	Rats	MSG- induced obesity.	[57]
3.0 g/kg subcutaneous	1st–5th day of birth	Mice	MSG elevated body weight, food intake, TG cholesterol, LDL, HDL and blood glucose levels.	[58]
Oral/Topical	14 days	Men with prostate cancer	MSG reduced Ga PSMA-11 uptake in salivary glands.	[59]
Oral	5 years	Healthy human	Increased Body Mass Index (BMI), Metabolic syndrome and Obesity.	[60]
Oral	5 years	Healthy women and Nonsmoker men	Increased both Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure.	[61]
Oral/3.33/6.66 mg/ml	14 days	Rabbits	Increased blood glucose levels.	[46]
Oral/ 0.5,1.0,10,50,100 mM	24 Hours	Colorectal Cancer Cell (CRC)	MSG may have a proliferation-promoting effect on CRC cells.	[54]
4 mg/g	2-4 weeks	Rat	Increased body weight.	[41]
Oral/60 mg/kg	21 days	Rat	Increased body weight.	[62]
Subcutaneous/2-4 mg/g	4-5 days	Rats	Destroys neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus,	[64]
S·C /0.6-1.6 mg/g	2 Weeks	Rats	Elevated levels of ALT and - gama Glutamyltransferase (GGT), as well as a considerable rise in the relative weights of the liver and kidney.	[63]]
4 g / kg s.c	30 days	Mice	Lower body weight.	[65]
Oral 4 mg/kg	32 weeks	Mice	Decrease body weight and no fat accumulation.	[67]
Oral 4.0 mg/g	4 Weeks	Rats	Reduction in body weight.	[68]
500, 750, 1000 & 1250 mg/kg Oral	8 weeks	Rats	ALT levels and body weights increased across all MSG groups,	[69]
48.7 g – 94.6 mg/g Oral	8 Weeks	Rats	Average weights did not significantly differ.	[70]
Adults (>20 years)/ questionnaire	5 Years	Human	After accounting for factors such as age, gender, a variety of lifestyle factors, and energy intake, MSG use was not associated with significant weight gain.	[61]
Adults (18-65 years)	5.5 Years	Human	MSG was associated with increased BMI.	[30]
349 adults (33-55 years)	10 Days	Human	MetS prevalence and BMI increased with MSG use, dose-dependently.	[71]
4 mg/kg sc	120 days	Rats	Neonatal MSG-administered model of obesity lowers sperm production and leads to a reduction in sperm storage in the epididymis of adult male rats	[72]
240 mg/kg Bwt/ip	4 Weeks	Rats	Elevation in plasma glucose and insulin levels	[47]
4 mg/kg	28 Days	Rats	Reduction in the testis’s antioxidant enzymes, protein glycogen, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholine esterase (AchE), cholesterol, nitric oxide (NO) triglycerides (TG), and testis-to-body weight ratio.	[33]
4 mg/g Oral	120 Days	Rats	Testicular, epididymal and prostatic dysfunction.	[73]
2 mg/g body weight/day/ Oral	9 Months	Rats	Lowererd pancreatic β-cell mass	[45]
75 mg/kg/Oral	10 Days	Rats	Increase in systolic pressure	[74]
24 mg/kg/Oral	10 Days	Rats	Muscle pain, headache and tenderness of the pericrania muscles	[75]