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. 2023 Sep 6;9(9):e19800. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19800

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© 2023 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Extracellular vesicles (EVs) collection from serum and isolation of bacteria-derived DNA (b-DNA) (A) Study flow diagram. (B) Methods of processing and analyzing serum samples. (C) Representative results of nanoparticle and transmission electron microscopic analysis of EVs isolated from serum samples. A black bar indicates 100 nm. (D) Western blot analysis of serum EVs from a patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a healthy donor (HD) using an anti-E.coli LPS or an anti-OmpA antibody. (E) DNase I treatment of serum EVs followed by 16S rRNA gene amplification by PCR. Amplified PCR products are analyzed using Bioanalyzer. M: DNA ladder, AVE: buffer AVE. (F) DNA amount in EVs in serum 100 μL from 88 patients with RCC and 10 HD. Comparison between the two groups is performed by the Mann–Whitney U test.