Table 1.

Summary of the health effects of MACs.

MACs	Health Effects	References
l-arabinose and Sucrose	•Influences body weight regulation •Activates intestinal gluconeogenesis	[119]
Inulin and Resistant dextrin	•Improves islet B cell function •Decrease blood glucose •Reduces blood pressure	[132]
Psyllium	•Reduces body weight •Regulates glycemic and cholesterol levels •Positively effective for chronic constipation	[135]
Β-Glucan	•Prevents elevated serum lipid levels	[138]
Resistant starch	•Increases circulating GSH levels	[140]
Inulin	•Modifies the intestinal barrier function •Provides anti-inflammatory benefits •Modulates dysbiosis of the gut microbiota	[143]
Pectic polysaccharides	•Modulates the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota •Increases the diversity of gut microbiota	[143]
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)	•Improves in stool consistency •Reduces in the incidence and severity of loose stools •Inhibits the activation of the NF-kb signaling pathway Decreases the secretion of IL-6, IL-13, IL-18, and IL-33	[146,147]
Eucommia cortex polysaccharide (EP)	•Inhibits intestinal dysbiosis •Reduces neuroinflammation •Reduces serum endotoxin	[150]
Resistant dextrin	•Improve immune system function •Improve biomarkers of inflammation/anti-inflammation and mental health in T2DM patient	[154]
Inulin, Xanthan gum and Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)	•Reduces CD burden below detection levels	[167]