Table 1.
Causal effects of the COVID-19 outcomes on intelligence
| Exposure | Method | b (se) | OR [95%CI] | N_IV | Q_P | I2 | Egger_intercept | P_pleiotropy | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | IVW | -0.035 (0.014) | 0.965 [0.939-0.993] | 19 | 0.368 | 0.072 | NA | NA | 0.015 |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | WM | -0.036 (0.019) | 0.965 [0.929-1.002] | 19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.066 |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | MR Egger | -0.044 (0.026) | 0.957 [0.910-1.007] | 19 | 0.316 | 0.063 | 0.001 | 0.697 | 0.109 |
| Hospitalized COVID-19 | IVW | -0.012 (0.008) | 0.988 [0.972-1.003] | 41 | 2.26E-06 | 0.579 | NA | NA | 0.127 |
| Hospitalized COVID-19 | WM | -0.008 (0.009) | 0.992 [0.975-1.009] | 41 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.343 |
| Hospitalized COVID-19 | MR Egger | 0.007 (0.014) | 1.007 [0.979-1.035] | 41 | 8.07E-06 | 0.552 | -0.002 | 0.123 | 0.644 |
| Critical COVID-19 | IVW | -0.011 (0.005) | 0.989 [0.979-0.999] | 34 | 7.36E-03 | 0.411 | NA | NA | 0.036 |
| Critical COVID-19 | WM | -0.006 (0.006) | 0.994 [0.982-1.006] | 34 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.306 |
| Critical COVID-19 | MR Egger | 0.003 (0.009) | 1.003 [0.986-1.021] | 34 | 0.022 | 0.342 | -0.003 | 0.061 | 0.702 |
IVW: inverse variance weighted; WM: weighted median; N_IV: number of instrumental variables; Q_P: Cochran’s P value of heterogeneity analysis.