. 2023 Sep 15;9(9):e19925. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19925

Table 1.

Features, design, application, and main findings after administration of common phage display vaccines.

	VECTOR TYPE	MODEL OF STUDY	PHAGE TYPE	DOSAGE	USED PROTEIN	EFFECTS AFTER ADMINISTRATION/COMMENTS	STRAIN OF E.Coli	REFERENCE
Anti-viral Hepatitis B virus epitope S28–39	pC89	Female BALB/c mice	M13	10 μg i.d i.p	pVIII	MHC I limited response of HBs specific cytotoxic T cells	XL1-blue	[66,66]
Anti-parasite Peptides GK1, KETc12, KETc1, and KETc7 Taenia solium cysticercosis	M13KE	Pig	M13	2 ml,10¹² phage particle of each sc	pVIII	Reduction of 70% of tongue cysticercoss Reduction of 87% of total cysticerci Reduction of 54% of muscle cysticercosis	TG-1	[15,15]
Anti-viral Epitopes of the glycoprotein G of HSV-2 (gG2)	n.r	BALB/c mice	Fd-tet	n.r	pVIII	Upgrade of protective immunity in a mice model of HSV-2 infection	K91Kan	[25,25]
Anti-cancer EGFR ICR-62 binding peptide mimotope	pAK8-GVO	Female BALB/c mice	M13	10¹² pfu s.c	pVIII	Decreased tumor growth in ectopic Lewis lung carcinoma in mice Humoral immunity stimulated in mice	TG-1	[18,18]
Anti-viral Ectodomain of influenza A virus channel protein M2 (M2e)	n.r	Female BALB/c mice	T7	10⁹ pfu s.c	10 B capsid protein	M2e-specific serum antibody responses Reduction of viral load due to Cytotoxic T cell response Protection against Influenza A virus	BL21	[35,35]
Hybrid Anti-cancer HLA-DR-restricted Th cell peptide epitope p23 and MAGE-A10254–262 or p23 and MAGE-A3271–279 from the HIV-1-RT	pTfd8p-66 for p23 peptide	Human cell system in vitro Humanized murine model in vivo	fd	140 μg phage particles s.c	pVIII	Inhibited tumor growth due to stimulation of potent and specific cytotoxic T cell response	TG1 rec O	[67,67]
Dual display of swine fever virus (CSFV) major antigenic determinant cluster mE2 and CSFV primary antigen E2	pcDSW	Female BALB/c mice	T4-Zh-	10¹⁰ pfu s.c	Soc C-terminus fusion and Hoc N-terminus	Increased immune response High antibody production	BL21	[68,68]
Yersinia pestis (Plague) capsular F1 and calcium response V antigen	pET-28b	Female BALB/c mice	T4 Hoc-soc-	10 μg phage particles i.m	Soc	Induced Th1 and Th2 response Complete protection against pneumonic plague	BL21	[69,69]
Anti-cancer Melanoma Epitope MAGE-A1161–169	pfd8wf	Mice and cell lines YAC-1 and B16.F10	fd	50 μg phage particles i.p	pVIII	Hypersensitivity type IV Inhibition of tumor growth due to Specific cytotoxic T cell response and enhanced NK activity	TG1	[70,70]
Anti-viral HRSV G glycoprotein-epitope 173–187	Bacteriophagevector Fuse 5	BALB/c mice	fd	1 mg i.p	pIII	Stimulation of strong immune response against RSV infection in mice	K91 Kan	[71,71]
Anti-liver cancer ASPH peptides	pVCDcDL1A	Murine	λ	10¹⁰ pfu s.c	gpD	Enhanced in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ response Secretion of Th1 and Th2 Specific cytokine Decreased Hepatocellular carcinoma growth	n.r	[42,42]
Anti-cancer EGFR gene of extracellular domain of chicken xenogeneic EGFR	n.r	Male Kunming mice	T7	2.5 × 10¹³ pfu	10 B	Decreased tumor growth and progression Stimulation of humoral immune response and increase in specific anti-EGFR antibodies	n.r	[72,72]
Contraceptive 3 Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) fragment 43 kDa	n.r	Male BALB/c mice	T7	10¹⁰ pfu s.c	10 B	Secretion of Specific anti-GnRH antibody Spermatogenesis suppression	BL21	[73,73]
Anti-cancer Mouse Fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 (Flt4)	T4-Z	Mice	T4	10¹¹ pfu s.c	Soc	Prevention of metastasis in Lewis lung carcinom due to stimulation of antitumoral immunity Induction of anti- Flt4 antibody	BL21	[74,74]
Anti-cancer Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)	pD-mVEGFR2	Mouse tumor model Male C57BL/6J	T4-SGPDS	5 × 10¹¹ pfu s.c	Soc C-terminus fusion	Stimulation of anti-angiogenesis activity Stimulation of anti-tumor immunity Stimulation of CD4⁺ T cell–mediated effector mechanisms	BL21 or HB101	[34]
Anti-bacteria in vitro display Protective antigen (PA) from B. anthracis	pET-15b	Female CBA/J mice	T4 Hoc-soc-	10¹⁰ pfu i.m	Hoc N-terminus	Neutralization of anthrax lethal toxin due to the production of high levels antibodies	P301 (sup-)	[75,75]

i. p: intraperitoneal; i. d: Intradermal; HRSV: Human Respiratory Syncitial Virus; s.c: subcutaneous; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; pfu: Plaque forming units; ASPH: Aspartateβ-hydroxylase; Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV); n.r.: not reported; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; i.m: intramuscular; F: Filamentous; HLA-DR: Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR isotype; T4-S-GPDS: T4 bacteriophage nanoparticle surface gene-protein display system; RT: Reverse Transcriptase.