Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors for favorable neurological outcomes in ECPR patients
| Variables | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 212 | n = 207* | |||
| Age (years) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.006 | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.002 |
| Female sex | 4.95 (1.54–15.87) | 0.007 | ||
| witnessed cardiac arrest | 1.25 (0.39–3.97) | 0.707 | ||
| Bystander CPR attempt | ||||
| Yes | 3.50 (1.10–11.10) | 0.034 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.030 | ||
| Unknown | 25.00 (1.31–475.97) | 0.032 | ||
| Occurrence of cardiac arrest during EMS activity | 1.84 (0.21–16.21) | 0.582 | ||
| Epinephrine administration before hospital arrival | ||||
| Yes | 1.59 (0.58–4.36) | 0.367 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.642 | ||
| Unknown | 1.75 (0.19–16.05) | 0.621 | ||
| ROSC during transportation | ||||
| Yes | 0.25 (0.03–1.95) | 0.186 | 0.17 (0.02–1.74) | 0.135 |
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.240 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.041 |
| Unknown | 2.16 (0.43–10.95) | 0.351 | 8.13 (1.02–64.67) | 0.048 |
| Time from cardiac arrest to admission | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.104 | ||
| Cardiac rhythm at admission | ||||
| VF of pulseless VT | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.372 | ||
| PEA | 0.34 (0.07–1.53) | 0.160 | ||
| Asystole | 0.00 (0.00-) | 0.997 | ||
| Epinephrine administration after hospital arrival | ||||
| Yes | 1.31 (0.36–4.74) | 0.683 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.920 | ||
| Unknown | 0.00 (0.00-) | 1.000 | ||
| Gasping during resuscitation | 6.90 (2.50–19.02) | < 0.001 | 10.58 (3.22–34.74) | < 0.001 |
| Therapeutic temperature management | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.000 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.000 |
| No | 0.00 (0.00–) | 0.997 | 0.00 (0.00–) | 0.997 |
| Unknown | 0.00 (0.00–) | 1.000 | 0.00 (0.00–) | 1.000 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pumping | ||||
| Yes | 1.99 (0.44–9.02) | 0.374 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.673 | ||
| Unknown | 0.00 (0.00–) | 0.999 | ||
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | ||||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.24–1.80) | 0.414 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.486 | ||
| Unknown | 2.30 (0.23–22.63) | 0.475 | ||
| Time from admission to ECMO pump ona | 0.98 (0.95–1.03) | 0.436 | ||
Multivariate logistic analysis by replacing the variable "Therapeutic temperature management" with "Bystander CPR attempt" were also performed. The statistical significance of "Gasping during resuscitation" was similar. The result is shown in Additional file 10
ECPR extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, EMS emergency medical service, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, VF ventricular fibrillation, VT ventricular tachycardia, PEA pulseless electrical activity, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Ref. reference
aFive data points were missing from admission to ECMO pump onset; thus, the multivariate analysis included 207 participants