Table 2.

Comprehensive summary of the existing literature on the relationship between valine and performance in swine

Nutrition treatment	Category	Breed	Experiment period/ages	Effect	References
70% SID valine/lysine ratio	Post-weaned piglets	Pietrain × (Large White × Landrace)	43-day-old to 64-day-old	Improving ADFI and ADG	[24]
67%–75% SID valine/lysine ratio	Post-weaning piglets	(Great Yorkshire × Pietrain) × Dalland	34-day-old to 72-day-old	Increasing body weight gain feed intake	[79]
68% SID valine/lysine ratio	Post-weaned piglets	(Duroc × Landrace) × Pietrain	31-day-old to 73-day-old	Improving the piglet weight gain and feed intake	[80]
66% SID valine/lysine ratio	Weaned piglets	Crossbred piglets	31-day-old to 65-day-old	Getting optimal ADG	[82]
65% SID valine/lysine ratio	Weaned piglets	Duroc × Landrace × Large White	14-day experimental period	Increasing ADFI, ADG and FCR; decreasing plasma urea nitrogen, CCK and POMC expression	[138]
0.31% dietary valine	Weaned piglets	Duroc sire line and Large White × Landrace dam	35-day experimental period	Restoring the reduced transcript of IGF-1; improving gut morphology	[149]
0.44% dietary valine	Weaned piglets	Duroc sire line and Large White × Landrace dam	21-day-old to 56-day-old	Improving ADFI; increasing the abundance of Mogibacterium in colon	[150]
69% SID valine/lysine ratio	Growing pigs	No data	No data	Increasing ADG by 5%	[151]
11.25 g/d valine	Finishing pigs	Approximately 75% Large White × Landrace and 25% Duroc × Hampshire	14-day experimental period	Increasing weight gain and feed efficiency	[152]
88% SID valine/lysine ratio	Lactating sows	Large White × Landrace	From d 107 of gestation to d 28 of lactation	Increasing the concentrations of all the amino acids in sow colostrum; having a tendency to increase IgM in sow colostrum; increasing ADG of piglets	[153]
Dietary valine concentration of 6.5 g/kg	Lactation sows	German Landrace	From d 84 of gestation to d 35 of lactation	Increasing feed intake and milk yield of sows and growth performance of piglets	[154]
0.68% dietary valine	Lactating sows	Landrace × Yorkshire	A 21-day lactation	Maximizing total solids production and protein production	[155]
0.85% dietary valine	Lactation sows (particularly nursing large litters)	German Landrace	Farrowing to d 35 of lactation	Increasing amino acid concentrations in milk; decreasing urea concentrations in blood plasma	[156]
Valine: lysine ratio of 100%	Sows weaned fewer than 10 pigs	Large White × Landrace × Yorkshire	No data	Increasing litter weight gain	[157]
Above 1.15% of the diet (72 g/d of valine intake)	High-producing sows (21-day litter weights > 60 kg)	Large White × Landrace or Large White × Chester White × Landrace	Approximately d 110 of gestation to d 26 of weaning	Increasing litter weaning weight and litter weight gain	[158]
Total valine:lysine = 0.93:1 (18.33 g/d from d 75 to 90 of gestation; 21.49 g/d from d 91 to farrowing)	Gilts	Yorkshire × Landrace	From d 75 of gestation to d 21 of lactation	Increasing the concentration of milk fat and proportion of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids	[159]

ADG Average daily gain, ADFI Average daily feed intake, CCK Cholecystokinin, FCR Feed conversion ratio, Ig Immunoglobulin, IGF Insulin-like growth factor, POMC Pro-opiomelanocortin