Table 1.

Studies on IL-1β and its related inflammatory pathways that are activated in IVD cells and contribute to inflammation.

Models	Mechanisms of accelerating inflammation in IDD	Reference
Rat NP cell (vivo/vitro)	Activate phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (p-IkBα) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65	[26]
Rat NP cell (vivo/vitro)	Activate MAPK signaling pathway; Generate NOS, IL-6 and COX2	[27]
Rat NP cell (vivo/vitro)	Activate p38 MAPK signaling pathway; Generate COX-2, HMGB1, ADAMTSs and MMPs	[28]
Rat NP cell (vivo/vitro)	Activate NF-kB/NLRP3 signaling pathway; Generate mtROS	[29]
Rat NP cell (vivo)	Activate NF-kB signaling pathway; Generate iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6	[30]
Human NP cell (vivo/vitro)	Activate NF-κB signaling pathway; Generate COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, MMPs and ADAMTSs	42
Rat NP cell (vivo/vitro)	Regulating NLRP3 via mitophagy; Generate GSDMD-N, GSDMD-FL, and ROS	89