Table 2.

Inhibitors of IL-1β signaling pathways in IDD.

Substances	Sources	Classification	Signaling pathway	Effects	References
Anakinra	Synthetic	IL-1Ra	IL-1β to IL-1 receptors	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	[49]
Ganoderic Acid A	Natural	Triterpenoid	IL-1β/NF-κB pathway	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	42
Cardamonin	Natural	Chalcone	IL-1β/NF-κB pathway	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	43
Suramin	Synthetic	Naphthoquinone	IL-1β/NF-κB pathway	Apoptosis⬇Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	45
Andrographolide	Natural	Diterpenoid	TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway	Apoptosis⬇ECM degradation⬇	[50]
Naringin	Natural	Flavonoid	NF-κB pathway and expression of p53	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	[51]
Luteoloside	Natural	Flavonoid	NF-κB pathway	Apoptosis⬇Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	[52]
Genistein	Natural	Flavonoid	p38 MAPK pathway	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	[53]
Simvastatin	Synthetic	Statins	NF-κB and MAPK pathway	Apoptosis⬇ECM degradation⬇	64
Wogonin	Natural	Monoflavonoid	IL-1β/MAPK pathway	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	27
U0126	Synthetic	Aromatic ketones	IL-1β/MAPK/ERK pathway	Inflammation⬇ECM degradation⬇	58
Melatonin	Synthetic	Indole derivatives	IL-1β/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway	Inflammation⬇	29
PRP-derived exosomes	Synthetic	/	NLRP3 ubiquitination and NLRP3 autophagy	Apoptosis⬇Inflammation⬇	[54]
Morin	Natural	Flavonol	TXNIP/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway	Pyroptosis⬇	90