Table 3.
The subgroup analysis of the associations between lean body mass, visceral fat mass and lean body mass to visceral fat ratio with bone mineral density in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018
| Independent variables | Per-SD increase β (95% CI) |
Quartile β (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Total lean mass | |||||
| Stratified by gender | |||||
| Male | 0.086 (0.081, 0.092) a | Reference | 0.057 (0.040, 0.075) a | 0.097 (0.080, 0.115) a | 0.153 (0.134, 0.171) a |
| Female | 0.082 (0.076, 0.089) a | Reference | 0.054 (0.048, 0.061) a | 0.091 (0.080, 0.101)a | 0.108 (0.092, 0.124) a |
| Stratified by age | |||||
| <50 | 0.079 (0.075, 0.084) a | Reference | 0.050 (0.044, 0.056) a | 0.087 (0.079, 0.095) a | 0.139 (0.129, 0.150) a |
| ≥50 | 0.074 (0.065, 0.084) a | Reference | 0.052 (0.039, 0.066) a | 0.080 (0.063, 0.098) a | 0.133 (0.111, 0.156) a |
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | 0.091 (0.083, 0.098) a | Reference | 0.056 (0.046, 0.066) a | 0.099 (0.087, 0.112) a | 0.153 (0.133, 0.173) a |
| 25–30 | 0.082 (0.074, 0.089) a | Reference | 0.052 (0.042, 0.062) a | 0.094 (0.079, 0.109) a | 0.145 (0.129, 0.162) a |
| ≥30 | 0.044 (0.039, 0.049) a | Reference | 0.040 (0.026, 0.055) a | 0.064 (0.048, 0.079) a | 0.107 (0.090, 0.124) a |
| Stratified by hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 0.077 (0.068, 0.085) a | Reference | 0.053 (0.038, 0.067) a | 0.083 (0.067, 0.100) a | 0.131 (0.110, 0.152) a |
| No | 0.082 (0.077, 0.086) a | Reference | 0.053 (0.047, 0.060) a | 0.092 (0.084, 0.101) a | 0.146 (0.135, 0.156) a |
| Stratified by diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 0.068 (0.056, 0.081) a | Reference | 0.065 (0.043, 0.087) a | 0.095 (0.070, 0.120) a | 0.135 (0.104, 0.167) a |
| No | 0.083 (0.078, 0.087) a | Reference | 0.051 (0.045, 0.058) a | 0.089 (0.081, 0.097) a | 0.143 (0.133, 0.154) a |
| Visceral fat mass | |||||
| Stratified by gender | |||||
| Male | -0.036 (-0.040, -0.031) a | Reference | -0.025 (-0.033, -0.017) a | -0.042 (-0.052, -0.032) a | -0.082 (-0.094, -0.070) a |
| Female | -0.022 (-0.026, -0.017) a | Reference | -0.014 (-0.022, -0.007) a | -0.025 (-0.033, -0.016) a | -0.048 (-0.059, -0.037) a |
| Stratified by age | |||||
| <50 | -0.029 (-0.032, -0.025) a | Reference | -0.019 (-0.025, -0.013) a | -0.030 (-0.037, -0.023) a | -0.064 (-0.072, -0.055) c |
| ≥50 | -0.022 (-0.028, -0.016) a | Reference | -0.021 (-0.039, -0.003) a | -0.031 (-0.049, -0.013) a | -0.054 (-0.073, -0.035) a |
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | -0.030 (-0.038, -0.022) a | Reference | -0.015 (-0.022, -0.007) a | -0.034 (-0.046, -0.023) a | -0.075 (-0.098, -0.052) a |
| 25–30 | -0.036 (-0.043, -0.030) a | Reference | -0.031 (-0.042, -0.019) a | -0.050 (-0.062, -0.038) a | -0.082 (-0.097, -0.068) a |
| ≥30 | -0.017 (-0.020, -0.013) a | Reference | -0.030 (-0.048, -0.012) c | -0.035 (-0.052, -0.017) a | -0.059 (-0.077, -0.041) a |
| Stratified by hypertension | |||||
| Yes | -0.019 (-0.024, -0.014) a | Reference | -0.014 (-0.031, 0.003) | -0.022 (-0.039, -0.005) c | -0.045 (-0.064, -0.026) a |
| No | -0.034 (-0.037, -0.030) a | Reference | -0.022 (-0.028, -0.016) a | -0.037 (-0.044, -0.030) a | -0.072 (-0.081, -0.063) a |
| Stratified by diabetes | |||||
| Yes | -0.005 (-0.012, 0.002) | Reference | 0.021 (-0.017, 0.058) | 0.014 (-0.022, 0.049) | 0.011 (-0.026, 0.047) |
| No | -0.032 (-0.035, -0.028) a | Reference | -0.023 (-0.029, -0.018) a | -0.036 (-0.043, -0.029) a | -0.072 (-0.081, -0.064) a |
| LogLM/VFM | |||||
| Stratified by gender | |||||
| Male | 0.053 (0.049, 0.058) a | Reference | 0.046 (0.038, 0.054) a | 0.077 (0.068, 0.085) a | 0.112 (0.102, 0.123) a |
| Female | 0.024 (0.021, 0.027) a | Reference | 0.030 (0.023, 0.037) a | 0.039 (0.032, 0.047) a | 0.062 (0.053, 0.071) a |
| Stratified by age | |||||
| <50 | 0.030 (0.028, 0.033) a | Reference | 0.029 (0.024, 0.035) a | 0.050 (0.044, 0.056) a | 0.077 (0.069, 0.084) a |
| ≥50 | 0.035 (0.029, 0.041) a | Reference | 0.042 (0.031, 0.052) | 0.051 (0.038, 0.064) a | 0.073 (0.055, 0.092) a |
| BMI | |||||
| <25 | 0.026 (0.022, 0.030) a | Reference | 0.029 (0.014, 0.044) a | 0.048 (0.033, 0.062) a | 0.076 (0.060, 0.091) a |
| 25–30 | 0.045 (0.040, 0.050) a | Reference | 0.047 (0.038, 0.056) a | 0.067 (0.058, 0.077) a | 0.101 (0.088, 0.114) a |
| ≥30 | 0.041 (0.036, 0.046) a | Reference | 0.032 (0.024, 0.040) a | 0.055 (0.046, 0.065) a | 0.089 (0.074, 0.103) a |
| Stratified by hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 0.036 (0.030, 0.042) a | Reference | 0.045 (0.035, 0.055) a | 0.058 (0.046, 0.071) a | 0.077 (0.060, 0.094) a |
| No | 0.034 (0.031, 0.037) a | Reference | 0.032 (0.026, 0.038) a | 0.055 (0.048, 0.061) a | 0.084 (0.077, 0.092) a |
| Stratified by diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 0.022 (0.012, 0.032) a | Reference | 0.018 (0.003, 0.034) c | 0.030 (0.008, 0.051) b | 0.019 (-0.014, 0.053) |
| No | 0.036 (0.033, 0.039) a | Reference | 0.040 (0.034, 0.045) a | 0.060 (0.054, 0.066) a | 0.090 (0.083, 0.098) a |
Abbreviations: β partial regression coefficient, CI confidence interval, BMD bone mineral density, LM/VFM lean body mass/visceral fat mass
All variables including gender, age and race were adjusted. Model 2: gender, age, marital status, race, education, PIR, BMI, activity, MET scores, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes, thyroid disease, serum vitamin D, total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, total calcium, serum uric acid, vitamin D intake, vitamin D supplements, calcium intake, and calcium supplements were adjusted for, except for the stratification variable which was not adjusted for
a P < 0.001, b P < 0.01, c P < 0.05