Table 2.

Effect of alternating current (AC) voltage and pulse duration on the protoplast-chain formation during the alignment phase of electrofusion between D. carota subsp. sativus cv. Dolanka and D. carota subsp. gadecaei protoplasts

AC voltage (V)	AC duration (s)	Cell no./chain, cell deformationa
100	10–40	3–4 cells, single chain, undeformed
125	10	3–4 cells, single chain, undeformed
	10–40	3–4 cells, single chain, undeformed
150	15–30	7–9 cells, single chain, undeformed
	40	4–7 cells, single chain, slightly deformed
175	10–20	8–11 cells, single chain, undeformed
	30–40	7–9 cells, single chain, slightly deformed
200	15	7–9 cells, grouped chains, slightly deformed
	15–40	7–9 cells, grouped chains, deformed

^aProtoplast deformation manifested by changes in the cell shape or cell membrane disruption