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. 2023 Oct 7;30:84. doi: 10.1186/s12929-023-00977-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — mRNA-based new modalities for disease treatments. A Current CAR-T technology requires the isolation of T cells from a patient and processing of the isolated cells into CAR-T cells (right panel). Next-generation CAR-T therapy is expected to be more effective, shorten the therapeutic timeframe and lower the cost. CAR-T cells may be generated in patients through intravenous injection of targeted mRNA-LNPs (left). B LNP-encapsulated mRNAs encoding genome editing enzymes and other components may be administrated through different routes. Genes of transthyretin (TTR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), antithrombin (AT), phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) or exon 45 was edited and eventually alleviated the disease progression. sgRNA: single guide RNA; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides (TG). C Utilization of mRNA drugs for engineering therapeutic antibodies (Abs). LNP-based delivery can be applied to generate different types of therapeutic Abs at higher levels and with more sustainable expression than conventional antigen injections. This approach could be applied to a variety of diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases