Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment.
| Author; Year | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification of exposure | Bias due to departures from intended exposures | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jonathan Sinclair et al. (2022) | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | FAIR |
| Rachel Kimble et al. (2021) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Rachel Kimble et al. (2021) (Cardiometabolic) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Terun Desai et al. (2020) | U | L | H | H | L | L | L | POOR |
| Lisa K. Stamp et al. (2020) | U | U | U | U | L | L | U | POOR |
| Sarah A. Johnson et al. (2020) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Quinlan et al. (2020) | U | L | H | U | L | L | U | POOR |
| Keith R Martin et al. (2019) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Zainie Aboo Bakkar et al. (2019) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Meghan A. Brown et al. (2019) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Sheau C. Chai et al. (2019) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Rebecca Lear et al. (2019) | U | L | L | L | H | L | L | POOR |
| Terun Desai et al. (2018) | U | L | H | H | L | L | L | POOR |
| Sheau C. Chai et al. (2018) | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | GOOD |
| Sarah R. Jackman et al. (2018) | U | L | L | L | L | L | L | FAIR |
| Phillip G. Bell et al. (2016) | U | L | L | L | L | L | L | POOR |
| Kyle Levers et al. (2016) | U | L | L | L | L | L | L | FAIR |
| Kyle Levers et al. (2015) | U | L | L | L | L | L | L | FAIR |
| Anthony Lynn et al. (2014) | U | L | H | H | L | L | H | POOR |
| Anthony Lynn et al. (2013) | U | L | H | H | L | L | H | POOR |
| A. E. Sleigh et al. (2012) | U | L | L | L | L | L | L | FAIR |
All parameters were assessed for their risk by using a scale that classifies them as low, moderate, serious, or critical.
Abbreviations: L, Low; H, High; U, Unclear.