Table 1.
List of 50 observational studies providing data on the asymptomatic rate of dengue infections.
| Definition | Reference | Publication Year | Study Type |
Region | Age (years) | Diagnostic Test | Serotype | Sero-prevalence | Incidence* |
Dengue infections N |
Asympto-matic Rate % (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No symptom | [29] | 2020 | Cluster | South-East Asia | 11–63 | RT-PCR | Dengue virus 1 (1/13) Dengue virus 2 (2/13) Dengue virus 3 (7/13) Dengue virus 4 (5/13) | 9% | NA | 175 | 7.4% (13) |
| No symptom | [38] | 2000 | Travellers | America, Caribbean | ≥ 14 | IgM/IgG ELISA, PRNT | NA | 69% | NA | 22 | 0% (0) |
| No symptoms | [31,39,40] | 2008 | Cluster | South-East Asia | 0.5–15 | RT-PCR, IgM/IgG ELISA | All, mainly Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 4 | 8% | NA | 119 | 20% (24) |
| No symptoms | [41] | 2010 | Cluster | Latin America | All | IgM/IgG ELISA, HI titersx4, RT-PCR | Dengue virus 2 | 4% | NA | 12 | 42% (5) |
| No symptoms | [14] | 2018 | Cluster | Latin America | All | RT-PCR, NS1 | NA | 13% | NA | 50 | 32% (16) |
| No symptoms | [30,42] | 2019 | Cluster | South-East Asia | 0.5–40 | RT-PCR | Dengue virus 1 (80.8%) Dengue virus 2 (7.7%) Dengue virus 4 (11.5%) Dengue virus 3 (1.1%) |
4% | NA | 346 | 7.5% (26) |
| Subclinical | [43] | 2015 | Cluster | South-East Asia | All (mainly <15) | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 6% | NA | 113 | 92% (104) |
| Subclinical | [44] | 2005 | Cluster | South-East Asia | All | HI titersx4, RT-PCR | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2 | 2% | NA | 17 | 47% (8) |
| Subclinical | [45] | 2012 | Cluster | South-East Asa, Latin America | >2 | RT-PCR | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3 | 10% | NA | 101 | 29% (29) |
| Subclinical | [46] | 2016 | Cluster | South Asia | All | RDT NS1,IgM/IgG | NA | 11% | NA | 226 | 63% (142) |
| Subclinical | [17] | 2015 | Cluster | Latin America | ≥ 5 | IgM/IgG ELISA seronconversion or ab titers x4 | NA | 22% | NA | 253 | 60% (151) |
| Subclinical | [47] | 2015 | Cluster | East Asia | All | IgM/igG ELISA | NA | 5% | NA | 41 | 68% (28) |
| Subclinical | [48] | 2011 | Cohort | South-East Asia | 0–8 | PRNTx4 | NA | NA | 11% | NA | 75% (NA) |
| Subclinical | [15] | 2016 | Cohort | South-East Asia | All | HI titersx4 | NA | NA | 9% | 77 | 79% (61) |
| Subclinical | [35] | 2009 | Cohort | South-East Asia | <1 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | NA | 1% | 10 | 90% (9) |
| Subclinical | [49] | 2010 | Cohort | South-East Asia | 2–15 | IgG ELISA | Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 1 | NA | 3% | 953 | 80% (764) |
| Subclinical | [50] | 2013 | Cohort | Latin America | ≥ 5 | IgM/IgG ELISA, PRNT | Dengue virus 3, Dengue virus 4 | NA | 11% | 2286 | 90% (2074) |
| Subclinical | [51] | 1973 | Serosurvey | Latin America | All | HI titersx4 | NA | 45% | NA | 148 | 43% (63) |
| Subclinical | [52] | 1967 | Serosurvey | Latin America | >4 | HI titers x4 | NA | 38% | NA | 25 | 16% (4) |
| Subclinical | [53] | 1985 | Serosurvey | Latin America | All | HI titersx4 | Dengue virus 4 | 7% | NA | 56 | 45% (25) |
| Subclinical | [54] | 2009 | Serosurvey | Latin America | 1–79 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 10% | NA | 33 | 70% (23) |
| Subclinical | [55] | 1998 | Serosurvey | Latin America | NA | HI | Dengue virus 2 | 44% | NA | 588 | 41% (243) |
| Subclinical | [56] | 1998 | Serosurvey | Oceania | 14–50 | HI, IgG ELISA, PRNT | Dengue virus 2 | 26% | NA | 139 | 11.5% (16) |
| Subclinical | [57] | 1990 | Serosurvey | Latin America | All | PRNT | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2 | 17% | NA | 219 | 76% (167) |
| Subclinical | [58] | 2013 | Serosurvey | South-East Asia | 7–85 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 7% | NA | NA | 78% (NA) |
| Subclinical | [59] | 2006 | Serosurvey | East Asia | ≥ 18 | IgG ELISA | Dengue virus 2 | NA | NA | 55 | 78% (43) |
| Subclinical | [60] | 2006 | Serosurvey | Latin America | 7–20 | Viral isolation | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3, Dengue virus 4 | 7% | NA | 215 | 86% (185) |
| Subclinical | [61] | 2002 | Serosurvey | Latin America | ≥ 14 | IgM/IgG ELISA | Dengue virus 1 | 21% | NA | 42 | 33% (14) |
| Subclinical | [62] | 2011 | Travellers | America, Caribbean | ≥ 18 | RT-PCR, IgM ELISA | Dengue virus 1 | 33% | NA | 7 | 0% (0) |
| Subclinical | [63] | 2011 | Travellers | NA | ≥ 18 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 1% | NA | 14 | 64% (9) |
| Subclinical | [64] | 2002 | Travellers | NA | ≥ 18 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 3% | NA | NA | 77% (NA) |
| Subclinical | [65] | 1999 | Travellers | NA | ≥ 18 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 7% | NA | 7 | 42% (3) |
| Subclinical | [21] | 2012 | Travellers | Asia | ≥ 16 | IgG ELISA | NA | 1% | NA | 4 | 100% (4) |
| Subclinical | [66] | 2005 | Travellers | South-East Asia | ≥ 18 | Serology | NA | 10% | NA | 27 | 11% (3) |
| Subclinical | [26] | 1969 | Travellers | South-East Asia | All | Serology | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0% (NA) |
| Subclinical | [67] | 1995 | Travellers | Horn of Africa | ≥ 18 | IgM ELISA | NA | 9% | NA | 44 | 16% (7) |
| Unapparent | [68] | 1988 | Cohort | South-East Asia | 4–16 | HI titers x4 | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 4 | NA | 12% | 103 | 87% (90) |
| Unapparent | [69,70] | 2005 | Cohort | South-East Asia | 18–66 | HI titersx4 | All, mainly Dengue virus 4 | NA | 1% | NA | 72% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [16,34,71,72] | 2002 | Cohort | South-East Asia | 7–16 | HI titers x4 | All, mainly Dengue virus 3 | NA | 7% | 615 | 66% (406) |
| Unapparent | [73] | 2006 | Cohort | Latin America | 4–16 | HI titersx5 | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2 | NA | 5% | NA | 85–92% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [74,75] | 2010 | Cohort | Latin America | 2–14 | Total antibodies Inhibition ELISA titersx4 | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2 | NA | 1% | NA | 60–95% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [76] | 2010 | Cohort | South-East Asia | 6 and 18 weeks | HI titersx4 | NA | NA | 1% | NA | 85% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [77] | 2015 | Cohort | Latin America | 10–18 | IgG ELISA | NA | NA | 6% | 19 | 61% (10) |
| Unapparent | [78] | 2010 | Cohort | Latin America | 5–60 | PRNT | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3 | NA | 7% | NA | 50–84% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [79] | 2014 | Cohort | South-East Asia | ≤ 12 | IgG ELISA | NA | NA | 4% | 67 | 60% (40) |
| Unapparent | [80] | 1995 | Serosurvey | Latin America | 5–19 | HI | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2 | 62% | NA | 277 | 58% (160) |
| Unapparent | [81] | 1995 | Serosurvey | Latin America | All | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 17% | NA | 59 | 53% (28) |
| Unapparent | [82] | 2000 | Serosurvey | Latin America | All | IgM ELISA, PRNT | Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2 | 41% | NA | NA | 97% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [83] | 2006 | Serosurvey | South-East Asia | All (mainly >18) | IgM ELISA | NA | NA | 21% | NA | 82% (NA) |
| Unapparent | [84] | 2009 | Serosurvey | South-East Asia | 18–74 | IgM/IgG ELISA | NA | 3% | NA | NA | 96% (NA) |