Table A.1.

Empirical studies on factors influencing technology use among low-income older adults (n= 17)

Reference	Technology & purpose	Country	Sample size	Study design/Analysis	Theory/Model	Factors/Themes	Behavior
Raven et al., 2018	The Internet and mobile technology - communication, search for information, health and non-health related task	USA	n = 277 Note: total 300 sample, but analysis is done with 277 who are users	Researcher administered survey/Multivariate regression analysis	None	Housed/homeless; health condition/history; ethnicity	Use (Internet and mobile technology)
Arcury et al., 2017	Patient portal - to improve communication with providers; access health information that improves decision making	USA	n = 200	Researcher administered survey/Multivariate logistic regression analysis	TAM and Person-Environ-mental Interaction Model	Ethnicity; education; social support; urban/rural clinic; experience; health condition/history; insurance status	Use (Patient portal)
Choi & DiNitto, 2013b	Internet and computer - communication, search for information, health and non-health related task	USA	n = 756	Researcher administered survey (Face-to-face or telephone)/multinomial logistic regression	None	Age; ethnicity; language; income; health condition/history; social support/social capital	Never used as opposed to use (Internet and computer)
Choi & DiNitto, 2013a	Internet and computer - communication, search for information, health and non-health related task	USA	n = 6680	Researcher administered survey (Secondary data)/Binary logistic regression analysis	None	Age; gender; ethnicity; education; income; health condition/history; social support/social capital	Use (Internet and computer)
Arcury et al., 2020	The Internet (via mobile technology or computer) - to improve access to health information and improve health self-management	USA	n = 200	Researcher administered survey/Chi square test/two-sample t-test	TAM	Age; gender; ethnicity; employment; education; income; health knowledge and attitudes; health condition/history; computer anxiety; social support/social capital; accessibility to technology	Use (Internet via mobile technology or computer)

Kim et al., 2021	Internet and computer - communication and social networking, reducing social isolation	USA	n = 77	Self- administered survey/Fisher's exact test & one-sided Sign test	None	Accessibility to technology	Use (Internet and computer)
Jung et al., 2010	The Internet and computer - increased autonomy, connectivity, self-efficacy, and search for information about health and hobbies	USA	n = 91	Researcher administered survey/Logistic regression analysis, Wald tests	Diffusion of innovation	Education; gender; income; experience; self-efficacy; computer anxiety; aging anxiety; belonging	Enrollment and use (computer and Internet)
Bertera et al., 2007	Telecare - allows home monitoring	USA	n = 85	Self-administered survey/Descriptive analysis	None	Perceived benefits (health)	Intention to use (Telecare)
Kim and Gray, 2016	Internet - to enhance social, psychological, and physical well-being	USA	n = 11	Semi-structured interviews (8–16 months after training program and actual use)/Coding and thematic analysis	None	Perceived benefits (Social participation; self- actualization; monetary); distrust; perceived cost; computer anxiety; self-efficacy; accessibility to technology	Use (Internet)
Berridge et al. , 2019	Sensor-based passive remote monitoring system - solution to the issue of insufficient numbers of elder care workers and family caregivers, to support aging in place and independent living	USA	n = 20 Note: total sample = 41, only themes from older adults were included)	Semi-structured interviews/Multi-step coding process of grounded theory - open coding and axial coding	None	Cultural background	Use (sensor-based remote monitoring system)
Berridge, 2017	Sensor-based passive remote monitoring system - solution to the issue of insufficient numbers of elder care workers and family caregivers, to support aging in place and independent living	USA	n = 20 Note: total sample = 41, only themes from older adults were included)	Semi-structured interviews/Multi-step coding process of grounded theory - open coding and axial coding	None	Perceived benefits (Social participation; self-actualization); perceived ease of use; perceived threat to autonomy; computer anxiety	Use sensor-based remote monitoring system)
Gallo et al., 2021	Electronic devices, e.g., cell phones, computer - facilitate in-person and virtual social participation to help reduce social isolation	USA	n = 48	Focus groups/Thematic analysis	None	Perceived benefits (Mobility; social participation); perceived risks; perceived cost; social support	Use (Electronic devices, e.g., cell phones, computer)
Nallam et al., 2020	Intelligent Voice Assistants (IVAs), e.g., Amazon Echo and Google Home - to support older adults at home for health-related and non-health-related tasks	USA	n = 10	Semi-structured interview/open coding and affinity diagramming	None	Perceived benefits (health); perceived risks; distrust; accessibility to technology	Intention to use (IVA)
Andonian, 2018	Computer - social participation with family and friends; leisure, financial management, and health care management and maintenance; banking access and bill payment; and health-related information	USA	n = 9	Survey and participatory action research (photovoice): focus groups, photo narratives/Thematic analysis Note: only qualitative data is relevant to RQ and included	None	Perceived benefits (self-actualization); freedom	Use (computer)
Latulipe et al., 2015	Patient portal - to access personal health records for economic and health care benefits	USA	n = 36 Note: Total sample = 52. Only themes from older adults were included	Interview/thematic analysis	None	Perceived benefits (health); perceived ease of use; perceived risks; perceived cost; interest; accessibility to technology	Use (Patient portal)
Seo et al., 2017	Internet and computer - communication, search for information, health and non-health related task	USA	n = 33	Focus groups/open coding	TAM	Perceived usefulness; perceived ease of use; perceived risks	Use (Internet and computer)
Choi et al., 2021	Tele-delivered behavioral activation (Tele-BA) via the Internet and laptop - improve both physical functioning and mood of patients	USA	n = 90	Randomized controlled trial, survey, interview/thematic analysis Note: only qualitative data is relevant to RQ and included	None	Perceived benefits (health); feeling productive and useful; hope; pride	Adoption (Tele-BA)