Table 7.
Permutation-based multigroup analysis for path coefficients and indirect effects.
| Hypothesis | Path | Path Coefficients (female-owned = (1)) | Path Coefficients (male-owned = (0)) | Path Coefficients Difference | Permutation p-value | Hypothesis Supported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H5 | Environmental Sustainability → Innovation Strategy | 0.101 | 0.268 | −0.166 | 0.045 | Yes |
| Environmental Sustainability → Innovation Implementation | 0.223 | 0.307 | −0.084 | 0.288 | No | |
| Environmental Sustainability → Open Innovation | 0.149 | 0.173 | −0.024 | 0.787 | No | |
| Innovation Strategy → Open Innovation | 0.255 | 0.118 | 0.136 | 0.253 | No | |
| Innovation Implementation → Open Innovation | 0.449 | 0.416 | 0.033 | 0.797 | No | |
| Open Innovation → Innovation Performance | 0.238 | 0.384 | −0.147 | 0.054 | No |