Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Features, Treatment, Laboratory findings, and Outcomes of Patients in the Training and Validation Cohorts.
| Characteristics | Sum (n = 386) | Training Cohort (n = 270) | Validation Cohort (n = 116) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex,n(%) | Female | 135(34.97) | 94(34.82) | 41(35.35) | 0.88 |
| Male | 251(65.03) | 176(65.18) | 75(64.65) | ||
| Age,median[IQR] | 76.00[65.00,84.00] | 75.00[65.00,84.00] | 76.00[66.00,83.00] | 0.74 | |
| Heart rate on Admission, median[IQR] | 89.00[78.00,103.00] | 91.00[79.00,104.00] | 88.00[78.00,99.00] | 0.15 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, median[IQR] | 130.00[115.00,144.00] | 130.00[114.00,145.00] | 130.00[116.00,141.00] | 0.76 | |
| Resting oxygen Saturation, median[IQR] | 96.00[94.00,98.00] | 96.00[94.00,98.00] | 96.00[94.00,98.00] | 0.77 | |
| Temperature, median[IQR] | 36.50[36.50,36.90] | 36.60[36.50,36.90] | 36.50[36.50,36.90] | 0.45 | |
| BMI,median[IQR] | 22.77[21.11,24.99] | 22.77[21.30,25.28] | 22.77[20.70,24.41] | 0.25 | |
| Consciousness,n(%) | Awake | 361(93.52) | 254(94.07) | 107(92.24) | 0.69 |
| Lethargic | 15(3.89) | 9(3.33) | 6(5.17) | ||
| Unconscious | 10(2.59) | 7(2.59) | 3(2.5) | ||
| Smoking history,n(%) | No | 334(86.53) | 234(86.67) | 100(86.21) | 0.90 |
| Yes | 52(13.47) | 36(13.33) | 16(13.79) | ||
| Pneumonia visual score,n(%) | ＜40% | 298(77.20) | 90(77.59) | 208(77.04) | 0.91 |
| ≥40% | 88(22.80) | 26(22.41) | 62(22.96) | ||
| Cough,n(%) | Yes | 331(85.75) | 233(86.30) | 98(84.48) | 0.64 |
| Expectoration,n(%) | Yes | 279(72.28) | 188(69.63) | 91(78.45) | 0.08 |
| Fever,n(%) | Yes | 259(67.10) | 186(68.89) | 73(62.93) | 0.25 |
| Shortness of breath,n (%) | Yes | 140(36.27) | 104(38.52) | 36(31.03) | 0.16 |
| Fatigue,n(%) | Yes | 64(16.58) | 41(15.19) | 23(19.83) | 0.26 |
| Chest tightness,n(%) | Yes | 54(13.99) | 38(14.07) | 16(13.79) | 0.94 |
| Gastrointestinal Symptoms,n(%) | Yes | 52(13.47) | 32(11.85) | 20(17.24) | 0.16 |
| Myalgia,n(%) | Yes | 47(12.18) | 32(11.85) | 15(12.93) | 0.77 |
| History of hypertension,n(%) | No | 185(47.93) | 131(48.52) | 54(46.55) | 0.72 |
| Yes | 201(52.07) | 139(51.48) | 62(53.45) | ||
| Diabetes history,n(%) | No | 252(65.28) | 182(67.41) | 70(60.34) | 0.18 |
| Yes | 134(34.72) | 88(32.59) | 46(39.66) | ||
| Cardiovascular disease,n(%) | No | 269(69.69) | 185(68.52) | 84(72.41) | 0.45 |
| Yes | 117(30.31) | 85(31.48) | 32(27.59) | ||
| COPD,n(%) | No | 343(88.86) | 235(87.04) | 108(93.10) | 0.08 |
| Yes | 43(11.14) | 35(12.96) | 8(6.90) | ||
| Chronic renal insufficiency,n(%) | No | 298(77.20) | 208(77.04) | 90(77.59) | 0.91 |
| Yes | 88(22.80) | 62(22.96) | 26(22.41) | ||
| Abnormal liver function,n(%) | No | 350(90.67) | 247(91.48) | 103(88.79) | 0.41 |
| Yes | 36(9.33) | 23(8.52) | 13(11.21) | ||
| Senile dementia,n(%) | No | 374(96.89) | 260(96.30) | 114(98.28) | 0.30 |
| Yes | 12(3.11) | 10(3.70) | 2(1.72) | ||
| Stroke,n(%) | No | 349(90.42) | 245(90.74) | 104(89.66) | 0.74 |
| Yes | 37(9.58) | 25(9.26) | 12(10.34) | ||
| Malignant tumor,n(%) | No | 339(87.82) | 239(88.52) | 100(86.21) | 0.52 |
| Yes | 47(12.17) | 31(11.48) | 16(13.79) | ||
| Antiviral therapy,n(%) | No | 156(40.42) | 107(39.63) | 49(42.24) | 0.63 |
| Yes | 230(59.59) | 163(60.37) | 67(57.76) | ||
| Glucocorticoids,n(%) | No | 191(49.48) | 135(50.00) | 56(48.28) | 0.76 |
| Yes | 195(50.52) | 135(50.00) | 60(51.72) | ||
| Anticoagulation,n(%) | No | 190(49.22) | 137(50.74) | 53(45.69) | 0.36 |
| Yes | 196(50.78) | 133(49.26) | 63(54.31) | ||
| Prone positioning,n(%) | No | 281(72.80) | 201(74.44) | 80(68.97) | 0.27 |
| Yes | 105(27.20) | 69(25.56) | 36(31.03) | ||
| Thymalfasin,n(%) | No | 280(72.54) | 193(71.48) | 87(75.00) | 0.48 |
| Yes | 106(27.46) | 77(28.52) | 29(25.00) | ||
| Leukocyte, 109/L median[IQR] | 6.75[4.98,9.70] | 6.75[4.98,9.54] | 6.79[4.99,9.73] | 0.88 | |
| Neutrophil, 109/L median[IQR] | 5.10[3.36,7.81] | 4.96[3.28,7.81] | 5.23[3.65,7.71] | 0.58 | |
| Lymphocyte, 109/L median[IQR] | 0.93[0.62,1.41] | 0.94[0.62,1.38] | 0.90[0.62,1.49] | 0.60 | |
| Monocyte, 109/L median[IQR] | 0.50[0.33,0.75] | 0.50[0.34,0.76] | 0.49[0.33,0.70] | 0.48 | |
| Hemoglobing g/L,median[IQR] | 123.00[108.00,137.00] | 125.00[109.00,138.00] | 121.00[108.00,136.00] | 0.25 | |
| Platelets, 109/L median[IQR] | 178.00[128.00,233.00] | 180.00[128.00,234.00] | 178.00[130.00,225.00] | 0.52 | |
| PLR,median[IQR] | 189.04[120.00,290.51] | 190.27[119.85,291.49] | 187.91[124.68,277.78] | 0.79 | |
| NLR,median[IQR] | 5.42[2.99,10.46] | 5.42[2.69,10.12] | 5.72[3.46,10.58] | 0.45 | |
| CAR,median[IQR] | 2.06[0.49,3.92] | 2.01[0.46,4.00] | 2.09[0.67,3.73] | 0.64 | |
| LMR,median[IQR] | 2.00[1.13,3.30] | 1.96[1.13,3.33] | 2.12[1.14,3.23] | 0.90 | |
| D-dimer,mg/L median[IQR] | 0.94[0.48,2.07] | 0.94[0.47,2.05] | 0.94[0.60,2.14] | 0.60 | |
| NT-proBNP,ng/L median[IQR] | 565.52[151.67,2168.00] | 588.00[164.00,2285.00] | 556.00[147.00,1859.00] | 0.70 | |
| Troponin T,ng/L median[IQR] | 21.70[10.70,54.90] | 20.66[10.70,57.60] | 24.50[12.50,49.00] | 0.39 | |
| CRP,mg/L median[IQR] | 70.98[18.68,131.28] | 70.83[16.05,134.14] | 71.27[23.23,128.55] | 0.61 | |
| PCT,ng/mL median[IQR] | 0.16[0.07,0.63] | 0.16[0.07,0.60] | 0.16[0.08,0.83] | 0.22 | |
| ALB,g/L median[IQR] | 35.20[31.70,38.90] | 35.40[31.90,38.90] | 34.90[31.40,37.90] | 0.24 | |
| AST,U/L median[IQR] | 35.10[25.30,51.60] | 34.80[25.30,49.80] | 36.30[24.80,55.60] | 0.65 | |
| ALT,U/L median[IQR] | 21.90[14.20,35.60] | 22.00[13.90,35.40] | 21.30[14.90,39.50] | 0.61 | |
| ALP,U/L median[IQR] | 74.00[57.60,92.60] | 74.70[58.50,93.00] | 70.80[56.50,90.30] | 0.44 | |
| Crea, umol/L median[IQR] | 82.00[64.00,119.20] | 81.70[63.10,116.10] | 82.90[64.60,122.00] | 0.52 | |
| BUN,mmol/L median[IQR] | 6.50[4.70,10.70] | 6.50[4.70,10.50] | 6.50[4.80,11.30] | 0.95 | |
| CK,U/L median[IQR] | 135.60[75.00,253.50] | 139.20[72.90,250.30] | 133.70[77.80,273.00] | 0.65 | |
| CKMB,U/L median[IQR] | 13.50[10.00,19.50] | 13.20[10.00,18.10] | 14.50[10.00,23.00] | 0.25 | |
| LDH,U/L median[IQR] | 268.09[208.10,347.90] | 263.20[205.60,338.38] | 281.90[209.40,361.70] | 0.37 | |
| Outcome,n(%) | Discharged | 300(77.72) | 210(77.78) | 90(77.59) | 0.97 |
| Died | 86(22.28) | 60(22.22) | 26(22.41) | ||
| Hospital stay,d mean(±SD) | 10.37 ± 6.45 | 10.02 ± 6.44 | 11.17 ± 6.40 | 0.12 | |
| Hospital costs, yuan median[IQR] | 11773.39[6338.00,19778.00] | 11040.00[6075.00,19080.55] | 13262.00[7016.00,20650.00] | 0.31 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR,neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; CAR,c-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; LMR,lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; CRP,C-reactive protein; PCT,procalcitonin; ALB,albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; Crea, creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CK.creatine kinase; CKMB, Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IQR, interquartile range.