Table 4.
Spatial spillover effect of EV adoption on CO2 emissions.4
| Variable | SDM |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total effect (1) | Direct effect (2) | Indirect effect (3) | |
| LnEV | −0.183*** | −0.096*** | −0.087** |
| (-3.43) | (-3.92) | (-2.42) | |
| LnGDP | −0.008 | −0.534*** | 0.526*** |
| (-0.05) | (-7.98) | (4.14) | |
| LnOpen | −0.021 | 0.011 | −0.032 |
| (-0.49) | (0.51) | (-0.84) | |
| LnES | 0.616*** | 0.413*** | 0.203*** |
| (11.35) | (3.96) | (2.60) | |
| LnInd | −0.750*** | −0.452*** | −0.297** |
| (-4.15) | (-7.09) | (-1.99) | |
| LnDensity | 0.827*** | 0.357*** | 0.471*** |
| (4.55) | (6.17) | (3.21) | |
| Urban | 0.731*** | 0.313* | 0.418** |
| (3.42) | (1.96) | (2.37) | |
| Observations | 550 | 550 | 550 |
| R2 | 0.772 | 0.772 | 0.772 |