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. 2023 Sep 19;9(9):e20296. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20296

Table 4.

Spatial spillover effect of EV adoption on CO2 emissions.4

Variable SDM
Total effect (1) Direct effect (2) Indirect effect (3)
LnEV −0.183*** −0.096*** −0.087**
(-3.43) (-3.92) (-2.42)
LnGDP −0.008 −0.534*** 0.526***
(-0.05) (-7.98) (4.14)
LnOpen −0.021 0.011 −0.032
(-0.49) (0.51) (-0.84)
LnES 0.616*** 0.413*** 0.203***
(11.35) (3.96) (2.60)
LnInd −0.750*** −0.452*** −0.297**
(-4.15) (-7.09) (-1.99)
LnDensity 0.827*** 0.357*** 0.471***
(4.55) (6.17) (3.21)
Urban 0.731*** 0.313* 0.418**
(3.42) (1.96) (2.37)
Observations 550 550 550
R2 0.772 0.772 0.772