Table 5.

The Influence mechanism of EV sales on CO₂ emissions.

Explained variables: LnCO2 in columns (2), (4), and (6), while LnShare, LnElectric, and LnPatent in columns (1), (3), and (5) respectively
Variable	Substitution effect		Energy consumption effect		Technological effect
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
LnEV	0.0136***	−0.033***	0.041***	−0.028*	0.217***	−0.037**
	(9.29)	(-2.94)	(3.73)	(-1.69)	(13.73)	(-2.12)
LnShare		−0.707***
		(-3.05)
LnElectric				0.317***
				(3.86)
LnPatent						−0.132***
						(-4.54)
LnGDP	0.003	−0.663***	0.640***	−0.657***	1.024***	0.421***
	(0.01)	(-10.05)	(14.39)	(-9.93)	(5.76)	(4.25)
LnOpen	0.009***	−0.651**	0.032***	−0.010	−0.038	−0.071***
	(3.5)	(-2.18)	(2.82)	(-0.56)	(-1.29)	(-3.64)
LnES	−0.248	0.651***	0.154***	0.554***	0.143*	0.393***
	(-1.64)	(10.42)	(3.97)	(5.96)	(1.67)	(8.42)
LnInd	0.044***	−0.620***	0.206***	−0.639***	0.652***	−0.671***
	(4.28)	(-9.57)	(5.19)	(-9.94)	(4.24)	(-9.59)
LnDensity	0.442	0.299***	0.408***	0.292***	0.477	−0.337***
	(0.55)	(5.20)	(3.16)	(-5.36)	(1.05)	(-5.79)
Urban	0.500**	−1.05***	0.585***	−0.875**	−0.080	0.085
	(2.12)	(-6.82)	(6.66)	(-5.40)	(-0.31)	(0.35)
Observations	550	550	550	550	550	550
R2	0.215	0.580	0.894	0.633	0.728	0.574
F	20.8	100.8	348.97	94.75	262.94	43.45