. 2023 Sep 20;9(9):e20340. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20340

Table 2.

Assessment of inflammatory and endocrine biomarkers.

		13-May-2021	Reference values
Cytokines in semen	TNF	30.6	0.0–2.0^a
(pg/mL)	IL-1β	24.0	0.0–12.0^a
	IL-6	99.2	2.0–20.0^a
	IL-8	2120.9	850.0–1910.0^a
	IFNγ	0.00	0.0–10.0^a
	IL-10	0.00	0.0–10.0^a
	IL-17	8.2	0.0–19.8^a
Serum/plasma hormones	Total testosterone (ng/dL)	403	245–1500^b
	Bioavailable testosterone (ng/dL)	245	91–337^b
	Free testosterone (ng/dL)	9.10	5.71–17.90^b
	FSH (mUI/mL)	4.8	1.0–12.0^b
	LH (mUI/mL)	4.4	1.5–9.2^b
	Prolactin (ng/mL)	8.1	4.5–21.5^b
	17β-Estradiol (pg/mL)	18	10–60^b
	Cortisol 8.00 a.m. (μg/dL)	15.4	5.0–25.0^b
	Post-Dexamethasone Cortisol (μg/dL)	0.53	≤1.70^b
	TSH (μUI/mL)	1.57	0.4–4.0^b

^(a)

Reported reference values for cytokine levels in semen [12]. Cytokines levels in semen were assessed as previously described [13].

^(b)

Reference normal values according to patient age and sex currently established and used in the local setting.