Table 10.

Remediation of the top-ranked 25 fire risk factors.

Ranked Order	Risk Factors	Corresponding mitigation actions	Simplified generalized mitigation actions	NFPA Standard
1	F16	Combustible storage separation with a minimum 1-h fire-rated construction	Fire-rated construction	NFPA 101 [96]
2	F22	Regular standardized ITM for fire detection, sprinkler, fire extinguisher, fire pump, and standpipe	Inspection, testing, and maintenance	NFPA 72 [97]; NFPA 25 [98]; NFPA 10 [99]; NFPA 20 [100]; NFPA 14 [101]
3	F28	Occupant load reduction as per regulation or providing additional exits to increase exit capacity	Adequate exit capacity	NFPA 101 [96]
4	F27	Fire detection and protection system standardization according to occupant load and area coverage	Standardized detection and protection	NFPA 101 [96]; NFPA 1 [102]
5	F30	Electrical connections standardization in panel and distribution board at an approved location	Standardized electrical safety	NFPA 70 [103]; NFPA 70E [104]
6	F19	Provide automatic smoke detection with audible alarms throughout the building	Audible alarm	NFPA 72 [97]
7	F26	Separate the gas cylinder room with a 2-h fire-rated construction and seal all penetrations/openings with 1.5-h fire-rated materials Or, Relocate and maintain a minimum 3 m (10 ft) spatial separation distance from the building.	Relocate unsafe equipment	NFPA 101 [96]
8	F9	Keep egress paths and stairs clear of storage or any obstruction	Unobstructed egress	NFPA 101 [96]
9	F29	Ensure self-closing, positive latching certified fire doors	Certified fire doors	NFPA 80 [105]
10	F1	Maintain minimum unobstructed clear width of 0.9 m (36 in.)	Widened egress	NFPA 101 [96]
11	F11	Separate heat-producing equipment by a minimum 2-hr fire-rated construction, and seal all penetrations and openings with 1.5-hr fire-rated materials to maintain the fire separation. All exhaust systems shall discharge to the exterior of the building in a safe location. In case of relocation, maintain a minimum 3 m (10 ft) spatial separation distance from the building.	Sealed penetrations	NFPA 101 [96]
			Outside exhaust discharge
12	F5	Unlock egress doors, or remove all non-standard locking features from egress doors	Unlocked egress doors	NFPA 101 [96]
13	F12	Enclose stairs with a minimum 1-h fire-rated construction	Fire-rated construction	NFPA 101 [96]
14	F14	Seal all penetrations and openings with fire-rated materials for at least 1-hr fire separation	Sealed penetrations	NFPA 101 [96]
15	F4	Use side‐hinged swinging-type doors	Side‐hinged swinging doors	NFPA 80 [105]; NFPA 101 [96]
16	F8	Arrange regular fire training and drills	Training and drills	NFPA 101 [96]
17	F23	Provide adequate illumination (10.8 lux at the floor level)	Adequate illumination	NFPA 101 [96]
18	F3	Make the exit doors swing in the direction of egress travel	Outward directed doors	NFPA 101 [96]
19	F24	Provide illuminated directional/exit signs (with uninterruptable power supply) along the path of travel	Illuminated exit signs	NFPA 101 [96]
20	F20	Provide automatic sprinkler protection throughout the building for floor areas greater than 2000 sq m	Sprinkler protection	NFPA 13 [106]
21	F25	Remove the manual on/off switch for emergency lighting/exit signage units	Automated emergency lighting	NFPA 101 [96]
22	F7	Provide remoteness of the exists at least one-half of the maximum diagonal length of the area to be served	The remoteness of the exists	NFPA 101 [96]
23	F21	Provide standpipe protection for floor lengths greater than 10 m	Standpipe protection	NFPA 14 (2019)
24	F17	Separate the exit corridor by a minimum 1-hr fire-rated construction	Fire-rated construction	NFPA 101 [96]
25	F2	Reduce the maximum distance to at most 45 m, if there are no automated fire safety systems and additional exits	Shortened dead-end aisles	NFPA 101 [96]