Fig. 6. Impact of nitrite salt alternatives (Vegetable Stock (VS), Polyphenol-rich Extract (PRE), Lallemand solution (YE)) on fecal and urinary biomarkers of NOCs formation and lipid peroxidation.

A Nitroso-compounds in fecal water measured as total NOCs (ATNC), as nitrosyl iron (FeNO), N-nitroso compounds (RNNO) and S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) (nmol/g of feces). B Lipid peroxidation measured as TBARS (MDA equivalents, µM) in fecal water and DHN-MA in urine of 24 h (ng/vol of 24 h). C Heme in fecal water (µM). D Cytotoxic activity of fecal water as % of cellular viability. E Genotoxic activity of fecal water. Data were represented using scatter plots with bar (mean ± sem, n = 12, except if outliers are removed), significance was determined by ANOVA (Welch’s ANOVA for D) followed by Tukey’s mean comparison, data from (A) and (B) (DHN-MA) were log transformed before ANOVA. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01.