Table 1.
Characteristics of 88,818 study participants who obtained a positive or negative PCR test for SARS-CoV-2
| Characteristics | Tested negative | Tested positive | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 51,336) | (N = 37,482) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 34,085 (66.4%) | 23,002 (61.4%) | ≤0.001 |
| Male | 17,251 (33.6%) | 14,480 (38.6%) | |
| Age | |||
| Mean (SD) | 45.8 (13.7) | 43.6 (13.9) | ≤0.001 |
| Median [Min, Max] | 49.0 [15.0, 65.0] | 46.0 [15.0, 65.0] | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||
| 0 | 45,984 (89.6%) | 33,988 (90.7%) | ≤0.001 |
| 1 | 2854 (5.6%) | 1967 (5.2%) | |
| 2 | 1926 (3.8%) | 1144 (3.1%) | |
| 3 or more | 572 (1.1%) | 383 (1.0%) | |
| Educational level (highest) | |||
| Higher education (>5 years, MSc, PhD) | 8938 (17.4%) | 6799 (18.1%) | ≤0.001 |
| Higher education (2–4 years, BSc) | 17,237 (33.6%) | 12,147 (32.4%) | |
| Higher education (1–2 years, vocational academy) | 5999 (11.7%) | 4067 (10.9%) | |
| Primary or elementary school (9th–10th grade) | 4267 (8.3%) | 2991 (8.0%) | |
| General secondary or vocational secondary education | 5127 (10.0%) | 4711 (12.6%) | |
| Vocational training | 8490 (16.5%) | 5755 (15.4%) | |
| Don’t know | 1278 (2.5%) | 1011 (2.7%) | |
| Healthcare worker | |||
| No | 42,662 (83.1%) | 32,284 (86.1%) | ≤0.001 |
| Yes | 8674 (16.9%) | 5198 (13.9%) | |
| Obesity | |||
| No | 38,696 (75.4%) | 28,599 (76.3%) | ≤0.001 |
| Unknown | 4143 (8.1%) | 2680 (7.2%) | |
| Yes | 8497 (16.6%) | 6203 (16.5%) | |
| Fibromyalgia | |||
| No | 50,339 (98.1%) | 36,783 (98.1%) | 0.695 |
| Before test | 474 (0.9%) | 329 (0.9%) | |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome | |||
| No | 49,782 (97.0%) | 35,633 (95.1%) | ≤0.001 |
| Before test | 863 (1.7%) | 482 (1.3%) | |
| Anxiety | |||
| No | 45,847 (89.3%) | 33,301 (88.8%) | ≤0.001 |
| Before test | 4431 (8.6%) | 2994 (8.0%) | |
| Depression | |||
| No | 43,759 (85.2%) | 32,068 (85.6%) | ≤0.001 |
| Before test | 6466 (12.6%) | 4249 (11.3%) | |
| PTSD | |||
| No | 49,686 (96.8%) | 36,297 (96.8%) | 0.48 |
| Before test | 1037 (2.0%) | 720 (1.9%) | |
| Asthma | |||
| No | 47,840 (93.2%) | 34,643 (92.4%) | ≤0.001 |
| Before test | 3496 (6.8%) | 2839 (7.6%) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 49,583 (96.6%) | 36,255 (96.7%) | 0.256 |
| Before test | 1753 (3.4%) | 1227 (3.3%) | |
| High blood pressure | |||
| No | 45,412 (88.5%) | 33,589 (89.6%) | ≤0.001 |
| Before test | 5924 (11.5%) | 3893 (10.4%) | |
| COPD or other lung disease | |||
| No | 50,565 (98.5%) | 37,056 (98.9%) | ≤0.001 |
| Before test | 771 (1.5%) | 426 (1.1%) | |
| Chronic or frequent headaches or migraines | |||
| No | 49,212 (95.9%) | 36,013 (96.1%) | 0.107 |
| Before test | 2124 (4.1%) | 1469 (3.9%) | |
p Values for the association between test status and the survey participant characteristics were estimated using Student’s t test for continuous variables and Pearson’s Chi-squared test for categorical variables. No adjustment for multiple comparisons were made.
PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.