Table 1. Pharmacological interventions for NAFLD, their mechanisms and possible limitations.

Adapted from Negi et al. [22]

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Pharmacological Intervention	Mechanism of Action	Limitations
Pioglitazone	Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces liver inflammation	Weight gain, fluid retention, increased risk of heart failure
Vitamin E	Antioxidant properties, reduces oxidative stress in the liver	High doses may increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Modulates bile acid metabolism, reduces liver inflammation	Limited evidence of effectiveness, variable response among patients
Omega-3 fatty acids	Anti-inflammatory effects, improves lipid metabolism	High doses may increase the risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal side effects
Metformin	Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces glucose production in the liver	Gastrointestinal side effects, lactic acidosis (rare but serious complication)
Statins	Reduces cholesterol levels, may have anti-inflammatory effects	Muscle pain, liver toxicity, potential drug interactions
Fibrates	Lowers triglyceride levels, may improve liver steatosis	Gastrointestinal side effects, increased risk of gallstones
Pentoxifylline	Reduces inflammation and fibrosis in the liver	Gastrointestinal side effects, limited evidence of effectiveness
Vitamin D	Modulates immune response, may reduce liver inflammation	Limited evidence of effectiveness, potential for vitamin D toxicity
Antioxidant supplements	Neutralize oxidative stress, protect liver cells	Limited evidence of effectiveness, potential for adverse effects in high doses