Table 1.
Baseline characteristics between rhythm and rate-control groups before and after PS-matching.
| Rhythm-control group | Rate-control group | p value | Rhythm-control group (PS matching) | Rate-control group (PS matching) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 225) | (N = 371) | (N = 177) | (N = 177) | |||
| Age (y) | 64.78 ± 0.66 | 72.09 ± 0.52 | <0.001 | 66.67 ± 0.71 | 66.72 ± 0.66 | 0.958 |
| Male (%) | 100 (44.4) | 156 (42.0) | 0.567 | 74 (41.8) | 74 (41.8) | 1.000 |
| NYHA class I–II (%) | 72 (32.0) | 101 (27.2) | 0.213 | 55 (31.1) | 55 (31.1) | 1.000 |
| NYHA class III (%) | 136 (60.4) | 221 (59.6) | 0.833 | 109 (61.6) | 110 (62.1) | 0.913 |
| NYHA class IV (%) | 17 (7.6) | 49 (13.2) | 0.033 | 13 (7.3) | 12 (6.8) | 0.836 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85 (70, 111) | 83 (60, 103) | 0.332 | 85 (70.5, 111.5) | 86 (71, 104.5) | 0.392 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.73 ± 2.15 | 24.91 ± 0.43 | 0.120 | 24.48 ± 2.66 | 24.45 ± 0.65 | 0.142 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 18 (8.0) | 89 (24.0) | <0.001 | 18 (10.2) | 17 (9.6) | 0.859 |
| Valvular disease (%) | 99 (44.0) | 113 (30.5) | 0.001 | 74 (41.8) | 68 (38.4) | 0.515 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy (%) | 7 (3.1) | 5 (1.3) | 0.137 | 15 (1.1) | 16 (2.3) | 0.410 |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (%) | 15 (6.7) | 27 (7.3) | 0.778 | 15 (8.5) | 27 (9.0) | 0.851 |
| Hypertension (%) | 117 (52.0) | 241 (65.0) | 0.002 | 97 (54.8) | 102 (57.6) | 0.592 |
| Diabetes (%) | 44 (19.6) | 111 (29.9) | 0.005 | 34 (19.2) | 42 (23.7) | 0.300 |
| Atrial fibrillation type | ||||||
| Persistent atrial fibrillation | 180 (80.0) | 294 (79.2) | 0.825 | 147 (83.1) | 141 (79.7) | 0.413 |
| Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation | 45 (20.0) | 77 (20.8) | 0.825 | 30 (16.9) | 36 (20.3) | 0.413 |
| Drugs | ||||||
| β-blocker (%) | 103 (45.8) | 327 (88.1) | <0.001 | 79 (44.6) | 159 (89.8) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin (%) | 7 (3.1) | 103 (27.8) | <0.001 | 4 (2.3) | 52 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB or ARNI (%) | 75 (33.3) | 143 (38.5) | 0.200 | 58 (32.8) | 65 (36.7) | 0.435 |
| Aldosterone antagonists (%) | 109 (48.4) | 186 (50.1) | 0.689 | 85 (48.0) | 89 (50.3) | 0.671 |
| Diuretic (%) | 114 (50.7) | 215 (58) | 0.083 | 91 (51.4) | 100 (56.5) | 0.337 |
| Warfarin (%) | 156 (65.8) | 176 (39.4) | <0.001 | 116 (65.6) | 111 (62.7) | 0.580 |
| Direct oral anticoagulants (%) | 64 (28.4) | 118 (31.8) | 0.388 | 56 (31.6) | 47 (26.6) | 0.292 |
| Laboratory test | ||||||
| HB (g/L) | 137.36 ± 1.23 | 130.74 ± 1.07 | <0.001 | 135.07 ± 1.27 | 134.76 ± 1.47 | 0.873 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 233.66 (124.77, 417.95) | 264.10 (134.99, 506.92) | 0.114 | 253.49 (138.08, 435.78) | 267.32 (129.76, 494.34) | 0.928 |
| hs-cTnI (μg/L) | 0.36 ± 0.131 | 0.18 ± 0.055 | 0.195 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.587 |
| Cre (μmoI/L) | 69 (59, 82) | 72 (60, 88) | 0.062 | 68,5 (59, 81.75) | 72 (60, 85.5) | 0.206 |
| Uric acid (μmoI/L) | 400.64 ± 8.06 | 386.79 ± 6.22 | 0.175 | 401.79 ± 9.11 | 396.45 ± 9.08 | 0.679 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.04 ± 0.02 | 4.02 ± 0.02 | 0.549 | 4.03 ± 0.03 | 3.99 ± 0.03 | 0.390 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 56.74 ± 0.17 | 56.29 ± 0.15 | 0.053 | 56.86 ± 0.19 | 56.38 ± 0.19 | 0.079 |
| LAD (mm) | 45.02 ± 0.60 | 45.37 ± 0.44 | 0.638 | 45.88 ± 0.73 | 46.65 ± 0.69 | 0.442 |
| LASID (mm) | 47.90 ± 0.69 | 48.20 ± 0.39 | 0.685 | 47.90 ± 0.83 | 48.20 ± 0.60 | 0.986 |
| LATD (mm) | 64.11 ± 0.82 | 65.03 ± 0.63 | 0.369 | 66.49 ± 0.97 | 66.72 ± 1.03 | 0.387 |
| LAV (ml) | 63.80 (49.74, 88.00) | 68.61 (53.13, 92.73) | 0.092 | 67.54 (51.88, 92.12) | 68.61 (57.40, 96.28) | 0.149 |
| LAVI (ml/m2) | 40.42 (30.45, 56.00) | 39.73 (30.70, 53.01) | 0.773 | 40.53 (31.43, 59.23) | 42.66 (33.25, 57.89) | 0.818 |
| IVS (mm) | 10.00 (9.00, 11.00) | 10.00 (10.00, 12.00) | 0.905 | 11.00 (10.00, 12.00) | 10.00 (9.00, 12.00) | 0.267 |
| LVPWT (mm) | 10.35 ± 0.24 | 10.16 ± 0.07 | 0.364 | 10.52 ± 0.30 | 10.19 ± 0.10 | 0.305 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 47.32 ± 0.40 | 47.37 ± 0.32 | 0.512 | 47.53 ± 0.45 | 47.69 ± 0.45 | 0.791 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 97.41 (83.22, 118.63) | 97.19 (85.42, 114.27) | 0.938 | 100.94 (83.79, 123.28) | 99.37 (85.91, 114.64) | 0.757 |
| RWT (mm) | 0.44 ± 0.009 | 0.44 ± 0.003 | 0.509 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.312 |
| TRV (m/s) | 2.70 (2.40, 3.10) | 2.80 (2.50, 3.20) | 0.105 | 2.70 (2.45, 3.20) | 2.80 (2.50, 3.30) | 0.259 |
| E/e’ | 10.85 (7.52, 15) | 11 (8.6, 14.28) | 0.309 | 11.00 (7.78, 15) | 11 (8.3, 15.00) | 0.651 |
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; IVS, interventricular septal thickness; LAD, left atrial diameter; LASID, left atrium superior-inferior diameter; LATD, left atrium transverse diameter; LAV, left atrial volume; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVPWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; RWT, relative wall thickness; TRV, tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity.