Figure 1.

Classical immune and metabolic signaling pathways in insects. Specific explanation is described in the text. The acronyms in the picture are explained below: dILP, Drosophila insulin like peptide; InR, insulin receptor; Chip, insulin receptor substrate; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, Akt kinase; TOR, target of rapamycin; FoxO, forkhead box O transcription factors; Slif, Amino acid transporter; S6K, phosphorylates S6 Kinase; 4E-BP,eIF4E-binding protein; Spz, Spätzle, ligand for Toll pathway activation; Toll, recepter of Toll pathway; Dif/Dorsal, transcription factor of Toll pathway; PGRP-LC, recepter of IMD pathway; IMD, canonic component of the immune deficiency pathway; Rel, transcription factor of IMD pathway; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase cascade.