Table 1.
Immune-metabolic interactions in insects.
| Host | Microorganism/ Parasites | Location in hosts | Role | Immune phenotype of hosts | Metabolic phenotype of hosts | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sitophilus zeamais
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
Sitophilus primary endosymbiont (SPE) | Bacteriocytes Oocytes | Endosymbionts | AMP-coleoptericin A (ColA) (+) | Nutrient acquisition (-); Energy metabolism (-) |
(239, 240) |
| Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) | Hemocoel | Endoparasitic | Serine protease; SerpinB (+); Two SOD (+); Two lectins (+); Two galectins (+) | Biosynthes of proteins (+); Glutamine metabolism (+); Energy and carbohydrate production (+); Lipid metabolism (+) | (241) |
|
Helicoverpa armigera
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) |
Microplitis mediator
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) |
Hemocoel | Endoparasitic | Immune response (+) | Carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid metabolism (6 h post-parasitism) (+) | (242) |
|
Pieris rapae
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) |
Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) | Hemocoel | Endoparasitic | Immune response (+) | Alanine, aspartate, glutamate, starch, sucrose, arginine and proline metabolism pathway in hemolymph of host were changed after PpAmy3 injection. | (243) |
|
Bombyx mori
(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) |
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) | Systemic infection | Pathogenic microorganisms | Be killed | Expression of BmFoxO (-) | (244) |
| Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) | Gut microbiota | Gut | Endosymbionts | Immunity-related genes (peptidoglycan-recognition protein, defensin, and prophenoloxidase) in larvaes gut (+) | The glycometabolism metabolism in larvae (-) | (245) |
|
Hermetia illucens
(Diptera: Stratiomyidae) |
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | Systemic infection | Pathogenic Microorganisms | Systemic immune response (+) | Alanine, aspartate, glutamate, arginine, proline, purine and pyruvate metabolism were impacted. | (246) |
| Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) | Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) | Alimentary canal/ Salivary glands/ hemolymph/ Filter chamber/ Midgut Fat body Muscle Ovary |
Vector of CLas | Synthesize and release immune-related proteases (-) |
The vitamin B6, glycerophospholipid and purine metabolism pathway (+); The pantothenate, CoA biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways (-) |
(247, 248) |
|
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff) (Diptera: Muscidae) |
Spiroplasma | Reproductive Digestive tissue Hemolymph |
Endosymbionts | Resistance to infection with trypanosomes (+); Toll pathway activity in the male gonads (+) |
Circulating level of TAG in females hemolymph (-) | (249) |
|
Aedes fluviatilis
(Diptera: Culicidae) |
Wolbachia pipientis | Oocytes | Endosymbionts | IMD and Toll pathways activity in the ovaries post blood meal (+) | Proteolysis and cytosolic PEPCK transcript levels in the ovaries between 24 h and 48 h post blood meal (+) | (250) |
|
Anopheles stephensi
(Diptera: Culicidae) |
Plasmodium falciparum | Midgut | Vector of P. falciparum | p38-MAPK pathway activity (+); The production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (-) | Mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), antioxidant biosynthesis, and protein translation (+) | (71) |
|
Bombyx mori
(Lepidoptera, Bombycidae) |
Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) |
Systemic infection | Pathogenic Microorganisms | The production of the antivirus protein and gloverin (+) | Adenosine signaling activity (+); The level of ATP production(+); The level of hemolymph glucose at 48 h post infection (-). |
(203) |
|
Spodoptera litura
(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) |
Snellenius manilae bracoviruses, SmBVs | Snellenius manilae injected egg and SmBVs into hemocoel of Spodoptera litura | SmBVs is symbiont virus of S.manilae; S.manilae is an endoparasitic wasp of Spodoptera litura | SmBVs inhibited the expression of immune gene of S. litura. | SmBVs inhibited the content of the extracellular adenosine of S. litura; Glycolysis and carbohydrate mobilization in the hemocyte of infected larvae were inhibited; Carbohydrate mobilization, glycogenolysis, and ATP synthesis (-). |
(204) |
“+” represents up-regulated; “-” represents down-regulated.