Table 2.
Factors associated with the mental health of older adults in South Korea.
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICT | 0.108*** | 0.114*** | 0.155*** | |
| (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.022) | ||
| COVID | −0.076*** | −0.045* | ||
| (0.015) | (0.020) | |||
| COVID*ICT | −0.074* | |||
| (0.029) | ||||
| AGE | −0.013*** | −0.011*** | −0.010*** | −0.010*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Sex (base = Female) | ||||
| Male | 0.047** | 0.043** | 0.031* | 0.033* |
| (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | |
| Education (base = Below Elementary school) | ||||
| Middle school | 0.066** | 0.065** | 0.070*** | 0.067*** |
| (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
| High school | 0.095*** | 0.087*** | 0.103*** | 0.100*** |
| (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | |
| College or more | 0.102* | 0.082* | 0.102* | 0.098* |
| (0.041) | (0.041) | (0.041) | (0.041) | |
| Occupation (base = Employed) | ||||
| Agricultural and fishery workers | −0.036 | −0.038 | −0.021 | −0.020 |
| (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | |
| Unemployed | −0.083*** | −0.082*** | −0.077*** | −0.077*** |
| (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | |
| Other | −0.432 | −0.427 | −0.439 | −0.428 |
| (0.587) | (0.577) | (0.575) | (0.575) | |
| Type of residence (base = Detached house) | ||||
| Apartment | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.023 | 0.022 |
| (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
| Town/Multiplex House (Villa) | −0.018 | −0.020 | −0.012 | −0.010 |
| (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.026) | |
| Other | −0.379* | −0.383* | −0.395* | −0.395* |
| (0.164) | (0.161) | (0.158) | (0.156) | |
| Residential areas (base = Rural area) | ||||
| Urban area | 0.039* | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.035 |
| (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
| Monthly income (base = Less than 500,000) | ||||
| 500,000–990,000 | −0.020 | −0.026 | −0.001 | −0.007 |
| (0.044) | (0.044) | (0.044) | (0.044) | |
| 1–1.49 million | −0.051 | −0.061 | −0.030 | −0.036 |
| (0.046) | (0.046) | (0.046) | (0.046) | |
| 1.5–1.99 million | −0.049 | −0.062 | −0.025 | −0.033 |
| (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.048) | |
| 2–2.49 million | −0.019 | −0.036 | 0.007 | −0.001 |
| (0.050) | (0.050) | (0.050) | (0.050) | |
| 2.5–2.99 million | −0.014 | −0.036 | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| (0.052) | (0.052) | (0.053) | (0.053) | |
| More than 3 million | 0.014 | −0.012 | 0.042 | 0.036 |
| (0.050) | (0.050) | (0.051) | (0.051) | |
| Living arrangement (base = Living alone) | ||||
| Living with spouse | 0.045* | 0.043* | 0.032 | 0.032 |
| (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | |
| Living with spouse and children | 0.071* | 0.055 | 0.041 | 0.041 |
| (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.029) | |
| Living with spouse, children, and parents | −0.020 | −0.032 | −0.043 | −0.041 |
| (0.093) | (0.092) | (0.092) | (0.092) | |
| Other | 0.112** | 0.093* | 0.081* | 0.082* |
| (0.038) | (0.038) | (0.038) | (0.038) | |
| Disabled (base = Non-disabled) | ||||
| Disabled | −0.527*** | −0.528*** | −0.509*** | −0.510*** |
| (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.024) | |
| Social Support | 0.041*** | 0.039*** | 0.039*** | 0.039*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Guarantee of living (base = Non-recipients) | ||||
| Recipients | −0.240*** | −0.238*** | −0.210*** | −0.212*** |
| (0.028) | (0.028) | (0.028) | (0.028) | |
| Constant | 2.282*** | 2.193*** | 2.077*** | 2.080*** |
| (0.123) | (0.123) | (0.125) | (0.125) | |
| Observations | 9,301 | 9,301 | 9,301 | 9,301 |
| R-squared | 0.202 | 0.206 | 0.208 | 0.208 |
| F | 98.07 | 97.94 | 96.11 | 93.34 |
| F-test for joint significance | ||||
| ICT-COVID*ICT | 29.31*** | |||
| COVID-COVID*ICT | 16.15*** |
Robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05.